Physical
"A period of dramatic physical change marked by an overall physical growth spurt and sexual maturation, known as puberty. "
Source: Lumen, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/lifespandevelopment2/chapter/periods-of-development/
What is adolescence?
Sensorimotor (birth-2 years): Experience the world through senses
Preoperational (2-7 years): Representing things with words and images, more intuition, less logic
Concrete operational (7-11 years): Thinking logically about concrete events, math
Formal operational (11- adulthood): Abstract reasoning
Source: https://quizlet.com/28575409/professional-school-counselor-praxis-ii-flash-cards/
What are Piaget's stages of cognitive development?
Trust v. Mistrust: Feeding
Autonomy v. Doubt: Toilet training
Initiative v. Guilt: Exploration
Industry v. Inferiority: School
Identity v. Role Confusion: Social relationships
Intimacy v. Isolation: Relationships
Generativity v. Stagnation: Work and parenthood
Ego Integrity v. Despair: Reflection on life
Source: https://quizlet.com/28575409/professional-school-counselor-praxis-ii-flash-cards/
What are Erikson's stages of psychosocial development?
Socio Teleo Analytic Theory
(social) (Goal) (Analyze)
People need:
To develop and work to achieve meaningful and rewarding goals
A lifestyle that leads to a positive sense of ourselves
Connectedness to community
Satisfying work
Emphasis on birth order
Source: https://quizlet.com/28575409/professional-school-counselor-praxis-ii-flash-cards/
What is Adlerian theory?
Children focus on building language and motor skills. They may struggle with understanding concepts of time, space, and distance.
Source: Lumen, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/lifespandevelopment2/chapter/periods-of-development/
What is early childhood?
"The difference between what a learner can do without help and what he or she can achieve with guidance and encouragement from a skilled partner."
Source: SimplePsychology.org
What Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development?
Operant conditioning
Behavior leads to consequence
Positive consequence- Repeat behavior
Negative consequence- Do not repeat behavior
Source: https://quizlet.com/28575409/professional-school-counselor-praxis-ii-flash-cards/
What is B.F. Skinner's theory of behavior?
Who is Alfred Adler?
"A time when we are at our physiological peak but are most at risk for involvement in violent crimes and substance abuse."
Source: Lumen, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/lifespandevelopment2/chapter/periods-of-development/
What is early adulthood?
A process that "that enables a child or novice to solve a task or achieve a goal that would be beyond his unassisted efforts" and that has the adult "controlling those elements of the task that are initially beyond the learner's capability, thus permitting him to concentrate upon and complete only those elements that are within his range of competence" (p. 90).
Source:
Wood, D., Bruner, J., & Ross, G. (1976). The role of tutoring in problem solving. Journal of Child Psychology and Child Psychiatry, 17, 89−100.
What is Vygotsky's concept of scaffolding?
HUMAN NEED + OTHER'S RESPONSE = RESULT
Unconditional positive regard
Self-actualization
Self-esteem
Love and belonging
safety and security
physiological needs
Source: https://quizlet.com/28575409/professional-school-counselor-praxis-ii-flash-cards/
What is Carl Roger's theory of personality development?
Preconventional- Punishment/obedience and Intrumental relativism
Conventional- Interpersonal concordance and Authority maintaining
Postconventional- Social contract and Universal ethical principle
Source: https://quizlet.com/28575409/professional-school-counselor-praxis-ii-flash-cards/
What are Kohlberg's stages of moral development?
Family is made up of independent individuals and subsystems.
Whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
Families have boundaries and are part of a larger social context.
Systems are homeostatic and try to return to normalcy after stress.
Source: https://quizlet.com/28575409/professional-school-counselor-praxis-ii-flash-cards/
What is family system's theory?
The child's growth rate slows, and they can refine their motor skills.
Source: Lumen, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/lifespandevelopment2/chapter/periods-of-development/
What is middle childhood?
Children construct their knowledge
Development cannot be separated from social context
Learning leads to development
Language plays central role
Source: https://quizlet.com/28575409/professional-school-counselor-praxis-ii-flash-cards/
What are key tenets of Vygotsky's theory of learning?
When there is a large difference between self-image and ideal-self (difficult to self-actualize) vs. self-image is similar to ideal-self (likely to self-actualize)
Source: https://quizlet.com/28575409/professional-school-counselor-praxis-ii-flash-cards/
What is Roger's theory of incongruence vs. congruence?
Receptive
Exploitative
Hoarding
Marketing
Productive
What are Erich Fromm's character types?
1. You
2. Microsystem (family, school, peers, work, church)
3. Mesosystem (family, school, peers, work, church)
4. Exosystem (Economic, political, education, government)
5. Macrosystem (Overarching beliefs and values)
6. Chronosystem (Dimension of time)
Source: https://quizlet.com/28575409/professional-school-counselor-praxis-ii-flash-cards/
What is Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory?
"This is a period in which aging, that began earlier, becomes more noticeable and a period at which many people are at their peak of productivity in love and work."
Source: Lumen, https://courses.lumenlearning.com/lifespandevelopment2/chapter/periods-of-development/
What is middle adulthood?
Driving force is our experiences with our environment
Schemas- mental molds
Assimilation- adding new experiences
Accommodation- adjusting to fit new info
Source: https://quizlet.com/28575409/professional-school-counselor-praxis-ii-flash-cards/
What are key tenets of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
Learning that occurs via rewards and punishments for behavior or responses.
What is B.F. Skinner's theory of operant conditioning?
"A theory of personality based on two primary needs: the need for freedom and the need for belonging...suggested that people develop certain personality styles or strategies in order to deal with the anxiety created by feelings of isolation."
Source: Kendra Cherry, VeryWell Mind
What is Erich Fromm's theory of character orientations?