Strategies
Temporary social supports that help a learner achieve a task they cannot quite complete on their own.
What is scaffolding?
This person learned through his experiments with dogs that an organism's involuntary behaviors can be learned and unlearned.
Who is Ivan Pavlov?
The following example illustrates this type of knowledge.
Miah and her partner are attending a funeral for a colleague who passed away. Miah's partner farted loudly by accident during the ceremony and was clearly embarrassed. While Miah thought it was funny and wanted to tease her partner, she did not laugh or comment because she knew it was inappropriate to do so at a funeral.
What is conditional knowledge?
This concept is defined as a long-term change in mental representations or associations as a result of experience.
What is learning?
Operant/instrumental conditioning are dependent on individual needs and/or preferences because __________ and ___________ are only effective if they align with the learner's views (i.e., the learner's perception of the consequence determines whether it will increase or decrease behavior).
What are punishers and reinforcers?
When students who have mastered a topic teach those who haven't, they are using this strategy.
(Note "scaffolding" fits here but is NOT the correct response.)
What is peer tutoring?
This person proposed that complex cognitive abilities are first made possible by participation in social activities.
Who is Lev Vygotsky?
People usually first learn a concept in a _______ way and later acquire a more _________ understanding of it.
What are concrete and abstract?
This type of learning occurs when a learner connects new information to their prior knoweldge.
What is meaningful learning?
This theory is sometimes criticized for its position that all organisms learn through the same processes, not taking into account individual, cultural, and experiential differences.
What is behaviorism?
This strategy involves reviewing and practicing information and skills that have already been mastered. It enhances our ability to remember what we've learned when we need it later.
What is overlearning?
This cognitive-developmental theorist believed that language served as labels for some of the concepts we had previously developed.
Who is Jean Piaget?
This common theme between Piaget and Vygotsky noted in the textbook is demonstrated by Vygotsky's zone of proximal development and by Piaget's concept of disequilibrium.
What is "Challenge"?
Instruction is most effective when it targets this area, implying that it is challenging and individually tailored to each student's current strengths and limitations.
What is zone of proximal development?
According to Vygotsky, _______ refers to when adults help children make sense of the world by discussing a phenomenon or even they are simultaneously experiencing. This interaction encourages children to think about phenomena in particular, culturally relevant ways.
What is mediated learning experience?
This is a strategy typically used by good readers (and typically not used by poor readers) in which they anticipate what they're likely to read next based on cues in the text and ideas the text has previously presented.
What is predicting? (Reciprocal teaching, p. 331)
This theorist believed that we could predict an organism's next response with 100% accuracy if we had complete knowledge of its inherited behaviors, past experiences, and present environmental circumstances.
Who is B. F. Skinner?
(Determinism)
The following are important components of this strategy:
- modify the environment to reduce inappropriate behaviors
- give students opportunities to make choices about the curriculum
- monitor outcomes to determine whether the intervention is effective
What is positive behavioral interventions and supports (PBIS)?
Although it is important for reinforcements to be provided immediately after the desired behavior, behaviorists also recognize the need to foster the ability to ______, an ability that typically improves with age, partly as a result of maturation and changes in the brain.
What is delay gratification?
Representation (i.e., diverse individuals and perspectives) is an important part of this teaching/learning strategy because learners are more likely to be influenced by the practice when they view the person as similar to themselves in some way.
What is modeling?
(Social Cognitive Theory)
This strategy uses the ABC approach to locate patterns and identify specific events that may be triggering or reinforcing a target behavior.
What is functional analysis (or functional behavior assessment)?
This person proposed that all learning is not equal. They proposed a hierarchy of educational goals, organizing objectives by their complexity and richness.
Who is Benjamin Bloom?
Nearly the opposite of egocentrism, this term (common to contemporary sociocultural theorists) refers to a shared understanding and knowing what others see, know, think, feel, etc.
What is intersubjectivity?
This type of learning refers to learning information in a relatively uninterpreted form, without making sense of it or attaching much meaning to it.
What is rote learning?
The more individual and cultural differences present in a classroom, the more complex this practice can become. This is because the practice requires that we understand a learner's current cognitive abilities and potential with a little assistance so that we can target our strategies and supports to their individual needs.
What is scaffolding?