Chapter 1
What is Anatomy and Physiology?
Anatomy is the study of structure
Physiology is the study of function
Together they are inseparable and called complimentaries
What is homeostasis and what is an example of the homeostatic controls mechanism?
Homeostasis is maintaining of a stable internal environment. A see-saw is an example and involves the aspect of the internal environment.
What is the difference between Visceral and Parietal layer?
V - Covers an organ
P - Lines a cavity or body wall
What is the difference between a Compound and a Molecule
A Compound: Particles forming when two or more atoms of DIFFERENT elements chemically combine
A Molecule: Particles forming when two or more atoms chemically combine.
What is pH, and what are the H+ concentrations?
pH Scale - Neutral (7, equal H+ and OH-), Acidic (<7, Greater H+ than OH-), Basic (>7, Higher OH- than H+)
What are the levels of organizations?
subatomic particles, atoms, molecules, macromolecules, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, and lastly organism.
What is a Homeostatic Imbalance?
Disturbance of homeostasis. Increase risk of disease, Contributes to changes associated with aging, May allow destructive positive feedback mechanism.
What is the Anatomical Position?
Standing erect, facing forward, Upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forwards and thumbs out
List the Ionic bonds.
Cation: Positively charged ion, formed when an atom LOSES electrons.
Anion: Negatively charged ion, formed when an atom GAINS electrons.
Ionic Bonds form when ions of opposite charge attracts.
What’s the difference between Inorganic and Organic molecules?
Organic: contains c & h, and does not release ions.
Inorganic: does not contain c & h, usually dissolves in water and is electrolytes.
What are the organ systems?
Organs needed for survival.
Integumentary (skin), Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine (gland secretion), Cardiovascular, Lymphatic (Disposal), Respiratory, Digestive, and Urinary.
What are the components of C.M (Control mechanism)
Receptor (Sensor) - monitors the environment
Control Center - Determines the set point at which the variable is maintained.
Effector - receives output from the control center.
What are the Three body planes?
What is an Atom made off?
Body planes: Sagittal (medial), Transverse (Horizontal), Coronal (frontal)
Atom components: Protons (p+), Neutrons (N0), and electrons (e-)
What are structural formulas?
What are covalent bonds?
Structural formulas: One or two lines between atoms indicating the type of bonds (single or double bond)
Covalent bonds: Strong chemical bonds that are formed between atoms that share electrons.
What is the difference between CT and PET scans?
CT Scans - Visualizes internal anatomy (3-dimensional)
PET Scans - Used to detect brain disorders, blood flow, and has radioactive isotopes.
List all the characteristics of life?
Movement, responsiveness, growth, reproduction, respiration, digestion, absorption, circulation, assimilation, excretion
Negative - Response reduces or shuts off the original stimulus
Positive - Response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus
What is an Atomic Number?
What is a Mass Number?
Atomic number: Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of specific element. EACH ELEMENT IS UNIQUE.
Mass number: The number of protons PLUS the number of neutrons in one atom. Electrons do not contribute to the mass since they are so light.
What are some differences between non-polar and polar covalent bonds?
Non-polar: Electrons are shared equally, Found between atoms, atoms with same number of protons and pull shared electrons.
Polar: Electrons are not shared equally, Found between atoms of different elcetronegativities, Forms polar molecules w/unequal charge distribution, Larger number of protons have higher electro-negativity.
List the Inorganic substances and some facts behind them.
-Water: Major component in ALL body fluids
-Oxygen: Necessary for survival, Used by Organelles to release energy.
-Carbon Dioxide: Removed from the body by exhaling.
-Inorganic Salts: Abundant in body fluids, Helps control H2O concentration, pH, blood clotting, & Nerve processes.
What are the 5 things for maintenance of life?
Water - Most abundant substance
Food - Provides necessary nutrients
Oxygen - Used it release energy from nutrients
Heat - Form of energy
Pressure - Application of force on a object
What are the directional terms
Superior - Inferior
Anterior - Posterior
Medial - Lateral
Ipsilateral (Stroke affects same side) - Contralateral (Stroke affects opposite side)
Proximal - Distal
Superficial (Paper cut) - Deep (Stab wound)
Internal - External
What are the fundamentals of Chemistry?
Matter: Anything that takes up space and has mass.
Mass: the amount of matter present.
Weight: Heaviness due to gravitational pull
Chemistry: The composition, properties, and interaction of matter.
BioChem: Biological chemistry, studying physiological process and disease.
What is a Chemical Reaction and what do they involve? What are the types of Chemical Reactions?
A Chemical reaction occurs when chemical bonds form or break.
Types:
-Synthesis: a+b=ab
-Decomp.: ab=a+b
-Exchange: ab+cd=ad+cb
-Reversible: a+b=ab=a+b
List your Organic substances and some facts behind them.
-Carbohydrates: Main source of cellular energy, Mono, Di, and Polysaccharides.
-Lipids: Insoluble in water, Most abundant is Triglycerides.
-Phospholipids: Main structural component, 1 glycogen, 2 fatty acids , & 1 phosphate group
-Sat & Unsaturated Fats: Sat(One carbon bond), Unsat(One or more carbon bond)
-Steroids: 4 connected rings of carbon, Cholesterol=main steroid.
-Proteins: Consist of animo acids, bounded by peptide bonds
-Nucleic acids: DNA (Double chain)
& RNA(Single chain)