Immunity
Name the two primary cells that phagocytose.
Neutrophils and macrophages
Proximal tubules use what system/mechanism to maintain acid balance?
Na+/H+ pumps
Na+ OUT, H+ IN
Name three enzymes that are secreted by the exocrine pancreas.
Which hormone stimulates leydig cells in males?
LH
What are the two main hormones secreted by the kidneys?
Renin (secreted by the juxtaglomerular apparatus when BP drops; converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I -> vasoconstriction -> increased BP)
Erythropoietin (released in response to low O2/hypoxia; increases RBC production)
Match CD receptors, MHC class, and type of T cell.
Ex. CD_, MHC class __, ___ T cell
CD4, MHC class II, Helper T cell
CD8, MHC class I, Cytotoxic/Killer T cell
What are the four parts of the renal corpuscle?
Afferent, efferent, Bowman's capsule, glomerulus
What form of motility involves moving and mixing food, primarily in the small intestine?
Segmentation
Bonus: What is it called when contractions push food, beginning in the esophagus?
In the presence of SRY gene, what type of ducts form?
Wollfian ducts
Intestinal enzymes such as lactase are:
a. secreted by intestine into the chyme
b. produced by pancreas
c. attached to the cell membrane of microvilli in the epithelial cells of the mucosa
c. attached to the cell membrane of microvilli in the epithelial cells of the mucosa
What type of cells are related to T lymphocytes, but are a part of the INNATE immune system?
NK cells
Reabsorption of water through the tubules occurs by:
a. osmosis
b. active transport
c. facilitated diffusion
d. all of these
a. osmosis
What is the only macronutrient you break down in the stomach?
Proteins
1 germ cell gives rise to how many sperm?
4
Which of the following statements about progesterone is false?
a. it is secreted by corpus luteum
b. it is secreted by the placenta
c. it decreases basal body temperature
d. its secretion drops toward end of nonfertile luteal phase
c. it decreases basal body temperature
Correction: progesterone increases body temperature!
What is released from macrophages that ultimately increases body temperature?
Endogenous pyrogen
Tubular reabsorption uses what transport to move which two substances?
Coupled transport; glucose and sodium
Two hormones are secreted by the small intestine. What are they called and what is their function?
CCK increases enzyme secretion from the pancreas and acts on the gallbladder
Secretin acts on the pancreas to release bicarb ions and also acts on the liver
Which hormone stimulates granulosa cells?
FSH
Match the cell type with its secretion:
2. Killer T cells a. antibodies
3. Mast cells b. perforins
4. Plasma B cells c. endogenous pyrogen
5. Macrophages d. histamine
2. Killer T cells b. perforins
3. Mast cells d. histamine
4. Plasma B cells a. antibodies
5. Macrophages c. endogenous pyrogen
Name three malignancies of cells in the immune system...
Leukemia (malignancies of WBCs originating in bone marrow)
Lymphoma (malignant lymphocytes, especially B cells)
Myeloma (malignancies of plasma cells found in bone marrow)
The descending loop is permeable to ___ while the ascending loop is permeable to ___?
The descending loop is permeable to WATER while the ascending loop is permeable to SODIUM.
What are two brush border enzymes?
Disaccharidases and peptidases
Progesterone levels decrease due to what structure regressing?
Corpus luteum
Scenario: Patient has fluid loss (vomiting, diarrhea). Their sodium levels are low. Plasma volume and blood pressure are low, which leads to a decrease in baroreceptor firing. This increases activity of the SNS, leading to vaso_(constriction/dilation)_, GFR/Glomerular Filtration Rate _(increasing/decreasing)_, ultimately, _(increasing/decreasing)_ the excretion of Na+ from the body.
Increase in SNS activity leads to VASOCONSTRICTION. This would DECREASE the filtration rate, indicating that fewer things are excreted. The amount of sodium being excreted from the body will be decreased because the body wants to RETAIN sodium (because levels are low). This retention means sodium is pushed back into the blood and, eventually, pulls water from cells -> interstitial space -> capillaries.