Neurophysiology
The conducting part of a neuron is called...
An Axon
This muscle type is not striated and is involuntary controled
Smooth Muscle
The _______ participates in all functions of the brain. It receives and distributes all sensory information to the cortex. It participates in regulating motor control (basal ganglia) and emotional and memory processes (limbic system).
thalamus
The ______ is a wall that separates the left side of the heart from the right.
septum
what is the difference between plain diffusion and osmosis?
Plain diffusion is the movement of any molecules down their concentration gradient, while osmosis is the diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane.
Changes in the cell membrane potential are due to the......
flow of ions in each phase—mainly sodium and potassium.
What kind of filaments make up skeletal muscle?
Actin and Myosin
The ____ coordinates the motor response (voluntary), while the ____ coordinates involuntary, visceral, and hormonal responses.
SNS (Somatic Nervous System)
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System)
The _______ connects the right atrium and ventricle, and the _____ connects the leftsided cavities (semilunar valves)
tricuspid valve
mitral valve
Symport & Antiport
Which molecule enters the cell at great amounts to cause rapid depolarization of the cell?
Sodium
By binding to troponin, this ion shifts tropomyosin away from actin’s active sites — letting myosin heads grab on and contraction begin.
What is calcium (Ca²⁺)?
These neurons, located in the ventral gray matter of the spinal cord, control muscle fibers. Medial ones maintain posture and balance, while lateral ones handle fine distal movements.
What are α (alpha) motor neurons?
The heart's electrical activity begins in the ______ and spreads through the different elements of the heart's conduction system and through the cardiac muscle at different speeds.
sinus node
Which three mechanisms control blood pressure?
Renal-Body fluid system (slow)
Hormones (medium)
Nervous system (fast)
During this period sodium permeability drops to zero, no action potential can fire, but once a few Na⁺ channels reset, during this next period a stronger stimulus just might.
Absolute and Relative Refractory Periods
What are the sources of energy used by muscles during contraction?
Stored ATP, creatine phosphate, anaerobic glycolysis, and aerobic respiration.
This brain structure receives constant input from muscle and tendon proprioceptors, helps correct motor errors, and fine-tunes motor plans through practice.
What is the cerebellum?
______: Emptying or expulsion of blood due to the contraction of muscle.
______: Filling process of the cavities due to the relaxation and rest of muscles.
Systole
Diastole
1. These vessels have elastic tissue to absorb high pressure from the heart.
2. These smaller branches use smooth muscle to regulate blood flow to organs. They can also regulate their diameter
3. These thin, flexible vessels act as blood reservoirs. They are capacitive blood vessels
4. these tiny, single-layered vessels allow substances to pass through tissues.
What are 1. arteries, 2. arterioles, 3. veins/venules, and 4. capillaries?
Neurotransmitter receptors that directly gate ion channels are often called_________, whereas those that act through second messenger systems are called_________.
ionotropic receptors
metabotropic receptors.
Describe the difference between fused and unfused tetanus in muscle contraction.
Unfused tetanus shows partial relaxation between stimuli, whereas fused tetanus produces continuous contraction with no relaxation.
The hypothalamus controls the activity of the anterior and posterior pituitary glands differently. Neurons in the hypothalamus produce _____ and _______ hormones and release them into the bloodstream in the posterior pituitary gland.
Oxytocin (OCT)
Vasopressin (ADH)
Provide the equations for mean blood pressure and cardiac output
Mean Blood Pressure = Cardiac Output x Resistance of blood vessels
Cardiac Output = Stoke Volume x Heart Rate
Which neurotransmitters are involved in most excitatory and inhibitory synapses in the CNS?
Glutamate (excitatory)
GABA (Inhibitory)