Bystanderism
Define bystanderism
Phenomenon that an individual is less likely to help in an emergency situation when passive bystanders are present
Can digital media promote prosocial behaviour?
Yes
What are the two factors that make up communication?
Communication is not just what we say, but how we say it
What does Similarity-Attraction Model argue?
People like and are attracted to others who are similar, rather than dissimilar to themselves
Define prejudice
A favourable or unfavourable predisposition toward any member of the category in question
What is pluralistic ignorance?
If people see that others do not react to what seems to be an emergency, then they will not react either
Define prosocial behavior
Action intended to help others/social behavior that benefits other people or society as a whole
Which of the following statements would be considered a "relationship enhancing pattern" of communication?
It's ok. I know that you didn't mean to be so irritable. I realize this has been a crazy week at work for you.
I am frustrated with the fact that you don't want to help me in the garden. You never seem to have any patience.
You forgot to take out the trash again. I wish you would keep your promises when you say you will do something for me.
That's great news! So, you got the job because the other person quit?
1. It's ok. I know that you didn't mean to be so irritable. I realize this has been a crazy week at work for you.
What are the three important elements that internal working model includes?
ideas about attachment figures and what can be expected from them; ideas about the self; ideas about how self and others relate
Which of the following is an example of prejudice?
1.During an interview, an employer feels that a woman would not be appropriate to work in his IT department because "women aren't good team players."
2.The statistic that per capita Czechs drink more beer than any other country in the world.
3.The belief that all Americans are rich.
4.Not renting an apartment to an immigrant.
1.During an interview, an employer feels that a woman would not be appropriate to work in his IT department because "women aren't good team players."
Define diffusion of responsibility
A person is less likely to take responsibility for action or inaction when others are present
What is Bystander intervention programs?
taught on college campuses to help reduce the threat of sexual violence
What is 1 thing they found by the meta-analysis of self-disclosure studies by Collins & Miller (1994)?
(any answer below is valid)
people who disclose intimate information about themselves are more liked than people who don’t
people tend to disclose more personal information to those that they like
if people disclose information to someone, they tend to like the person more.
What are the 4 stages of the Social Penetration Theory?
Orientation stage, exploratory stage, affective stage, stable stage
One of the problems with changing stereotypes is that we often tend to notice what we already believe is true. This phenomenon is known as….
confirmation bias
Which of the following is not true about Pilivian's (1969) study on the New York subway (metro)?
The more people that were in the subway car, the less likely it was that people would help.
Which of the following is not true of evolutionary explanations of prosocial behaviour?
We do not know whether our most ancient ancestors demonstrated altruistic behaviours.
It is difficult to empirically test evolutionary theories.
Genetic evidence indicates that helping is inherited, supporting the evolutionary argument.
Evolutionary arguments of helping behaviour are reductionist.
3. Genetic evidence indicates that helping is inherited, supporting the evolutionary argument.
What did the findings by the meta-analysis of self-disclosure studies by Collins & Miller (1994) indicate?
That disclosure could be an important factor in establishing and maintaining a relationship.
What did the results from the study of Markey and Markey show?
The way the participants described themselves was similar to what their ideal partner looked like.
The Social Identity Theory is a sociocultural explanation of prejudice. What does the SIT argue/state/say?
Social Identity Theory argues that intergroup discrimination elevates self-esteem and, therefore, low self-esteem motivates discrimination.
Complete the sentence:
Piliavin et al. argue that observation of an emergency situation always creates emotional arousal in bystanders. This arousal may be perceived as fear, disgust or sympathy, depending on the situation. Arousal can be increased by a number of factors, including...
...empathy with the victim, proximity to the emergency, and the length of time the emergency continues
Social cognitive learning theory would argue that children may develop pro-social behaviour by watching television characters be rewarded for pro-social behaviour. Which concept explains this?
vicarious reinforcement
What are 2 criticisms of the Social Penetration Theory?
(all answers below are valid)
it is difficult to determine a cause and effect relationship between disclosure and the health of a relationship
appears to be more likely that disclosure is a result of a healthy relationship, rather than a cause of one.
significant sampling bias
theory may be overly simplistic.
reductionist
What is possible that the study of Li et al (2010) is showing?
that an evolutionary explanation of mate choice may be more important that cultural differences
Explain the difference between realistic threats and symbolic threats.
Realistic threats refers to competition for economic resources – for example, jobs. Symbolic threats are perceived threats to one’s culture as a result of the integration of members of an out-group with morals, social norms and values that are distinctly different from those of the in-group.