The Early Modern Age
When did the Early Modern Age begin and end? With what events?
1453 Fall of Constantinople
1789 French Revolution
What is a tsar? Can you name one from the Early Modern Age?
The title of a Russian monarch
Ivan III "The Great" (15th C) and Ivan IV "The Terrible" (16th C)
What was the very important invention of the Early Modern Age that helped ideas spread rapidly?
The printing press
Bonus! Who invented the printing press in Europe?
The art created in the Renaissance was a revival of what past culture(s)?
What was one way that the Catholic Monarchs reduced the autonomy of the kingdoms of the Hispanic Monarchy?
Power of the General Cortes was reduced
Position of viceroy was created
Inquisition in 1478 in Castilla
What is an economic system in which capital belonged to private owners who created trading companies to generate profits?
Mercantile Capitalism
What event created the Spanish monarchy?
The marriage of Isabel I of Castilla & Fernando II of Aragón
Bonus! What year did they get married?
Name an author who helped popularize the use of the vernacular in literature.
Dante (Divine Comedy), Petrarch (Canzoniere), Boccaccio (the Decameron)
Who painted The Birth of Venus? Name one feature of Renaissance art depicted in the painting.
Botticelli
Classical antiquity (mythology), symmetry, nudity
In the 16th Century, what was the main source of wealth for the Catholic Monarchy?
Precious metals (gold and silver) from the Americas
Rural society developed in the Middle Ages. What society developed in the Early Modern Age?
Urban Society
What event consolidated the English monarchy?
Civil war (The Wars of the Roses, 1455-1487)
Who said that the Earth revolved around the Sun and not that the Sun revolved around the Earth? What was this hypothesis called?
Copernicus, heliocentric hypothesis
Who painted The garden of earthly delights? Where was he from?
Bonus! Where can you see it?
What was the name of the association of shepherds that controlled transhumant livestock farming and in turn received numerous privileges from the Monarchs?
Honrado Concejo de la Mesta
Bonus! What were the paths that the flocks traveled down called?
Give an example of one banking family. Where were they from?
Medici (Florence) & Fugger (Germany)
Why was there a growth in disposable wealth during the Early Modern Age?
An increase in agricultural and artisanal production and commercial profits
Name two of six main characteristics of humanism.
1. Renewed interest in classical literature
2. Anthropocentrism
3. Optimism and creativity (move away from sin)
4. Desire for knowledge (or to be a Renaissance Man)
5. Critical thinking (reevaluation of tradition - use of reason, research, and experimentation)
6. Vernacular
(Italian Renaissance)
How many phases of the Italian Renaissance were there? Name two and describe them (including at least one artist's name per phase).
4
Trecento (14th C) - Early features of the Renaissance appear, first artist was Giotto
Quattrocento (15th C) - Florence, harmony and proportion; architects Brunelleschi and Alberti; sculptors Ghiberti and Donatello; painters Masaccio, Fra Angelico, and Botticelli
Cinquecento (16th C) - Rome became artistic center; Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael; in Venice, Giorgione and Titian created a new style of painting
Mannerism (beginning in 1530) - Harmony and proportion abandoned; painters Florentines Bronzino and Pontormo and Venetians Tintoretto and Veronese; sculptors Cellini and Giambologna
What happened in 1492 to both the Jews and Muslims of the Hispanic Monarchy?
Sephardic Jews were forced to convert to Christianity or else they were expelled from their homes and out of the Hispanic Monarchy.
The Mudéjar were forced to be baptised after the 1492 conquest of Granada and many revolted in Andalucía. They were expelled from Castilla in 1502 and from Aragón in 1526.
Bonus! What was a negative impact for the Hispanic Monarchy of the expulsion of the Mudéjar?
What was the Third Estate and who was in it?
The unprivileged estates, which consisted of the majority of the population
They paid taxes and did not have access to high political positions
Peasants and bourgeoisie (upper and petite)
During the transition between the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Age, describe one of four measures adopted by monarchs.
1. Formed powerful armies of mercenaries (to subdue nobles)
2. Strengthened bureaucracy (to maintain close control)
3. Centralised power (to increase the authority of the monarch and to decrease the autonomy of the feudal lords)
4. Established a court
Who wrote The Prince and in what year? What intellectual movement was it a part of?
Niccolo Macchiaveli in 1513, humanism
Name three of five revived features of Greek and Roman architecture seen in the Italian Renaissance. Give an example of at least one of the three named features.
1. Domes (ex. Florence Cathedral or St Peter's Basilica)
2. Columns
3. Semi-circular arches and coffered ceilings (ex. church of San Lorenzo by Brunelleschi)
4. Triangular pediments, friezes, geometric designs and scrolls (façade of the Basilica Santa Maria Novella)
5. Longitudinal and central-plan (circular - Tempietto di San Pietro by Bramante, square - Villa La Rotonda by Andrea Palladio, Greek cross - Saint Peter's Basilica by Bramante)
Who was Juan Luis Vives?
A Jew who went into exile to escape the Inquisition and spent the rest of his life in Flanders and England, he was a very important humanist
He was a follower of Erasmus of Rotterdam and proposed the creation of social services for the poor and educational reforms