GEOGRAPHY
What is the layer of gases surrounding the Earth called?
Atmosphere
What major event started in 1914 and involved many countries around the world?
World War I
Which ancient trade route passed through the territory of Uzbekistan and connected East and West?
Silk Road
What is the essence of I.P. Pavlov's classic experiment on the development of conditioned reflexes, and what significance does it have for understanding learning processes in psychology?
Pavlov showed that a simple signal (like a bell) can make a dog respond (salivate) if this signal is repeatedly paired with food.
Essence: learning happens through association.
Importance: it explains how habits, fears, and automatic reactions are formed.
What happens to the quantity demanded when the price of a product increases?
People buy less
What do we call the average weather conditions of a place over a long period?
Climate
Which country had the most powerful navy in the early 1900s?
Great Britain (The UK) had the largest number of battleships in the world.
In which century did Central Asian people start converting to Islam?
8th century
What are the main types of personality tests, and how do they differ in terms of diagnostic methods?
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) – categorizes individuals into 16 personality types based on preferences in perception and judgment.
Big Five / Five-Factor Model (FFM) Inventories – measures five major traits: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism (OCEAN).
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) – assesses personality traits and psychopathology.
Diagnostic Method:
Standardized questions with fixed response formats (e.g., Likert scales: strongly agree → strongly disagree).
Scoring produces a profile or score for traits.
Relies on self-perception; may be influenced by social desirability bias.
What is supply?
How much producers are willing to make and sell
What term describes the movement of people from rural areas to cities?
Urbanisation
What was Adolf Hitler’s policy toward the Jews?
Adolf Hitler’s policy toward the Jews was based on racism, discrimination, and eventually genocide. He believed in an idea called racial purity, claiming that Jews were an “enemy” of the German nation.
What is the name of Avicenna’s most famous medical book?
The Canon of Medicine
What are the three foundational personality factors, forming the PEN model, that underlie Hans Eysenck's classification system?
1 Psychoticism
2 Extraversion / Introversion
3 Neuroticism / Emotional Stability
Which of the following would increase the demand for ice cream?
A heatwave in summer
What is the name of the process by which plants release water vapor into the atmosphere?
Transpiration
What is militarism? Give definition to this terminology.
Militarism is a policy or belief in which a country builds up a strong military and relies on it to achieve its goals.
Who is the founder of Algebra?
Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khorazmi
What is the significance of the Bobo Doll Experiment for Social Learning Theory (SLT)?
The experiment proved that children can learn aggressive behavior simply through observation, even without direct reinforcement. It confirmed SLT's central thesis of acquisition (learning) without immediate performance.
If the price of apples goes up, why might farmers decide to grow more apples?
Higher prices give them a chance to earn more profit
What is the name of the imaginary line that runs from the North Pole to the South Pole through Greenwich?
Prime Meridian
Following World War I, which country’s government printed money to pay reparations, causing hyperinflation so severe that prices quadrupled each month at its peak?
Germany (Weimar Republic)
What is a Nomadic lifestyle?
A nomadic lifestyle is a way of living in which people move from place to place instead of settling permanently in one location.
What type of learning is the basis of B.F. Skinner's experiment, where a rat's behavior (e.g., pressing a lever) is determined by its consequences (receiving a food reward)?
This type of learning is called Operant Conditioning (or Instrumental Conditioning).
What is market equilibrium?
When supply and demand are equal