Hunter- Gatherers
Define a hunter-Gatherer Society
A hunter-gatherer society is a community that sustains itself by foraging for wild plants, fishing, and hunting game
Define an agricultural society
An agricultural society is a community where the economy, social order, and daily life are primarily organised around the cultivation of land and the rearing of livestock.
Where did Neanderthals most commonly live (i.e. type of structure)
Some of them lived in natural caves, which provided protection from the weather and predators. Others constructed simple shelters using materials like branches, animal skins, and rocks.
These are 2 foods that early humans ate
Meat from hunted animals
Fruits, nuts, seeds and berries gathered from plants
Insects and eggs
What is a Oldowan Chopper?
Designed to fit comfortably in the palm, they were essential for cutting, scraping, and chopping plants and animal remains
True or False: Hunter-Gatherer societies focused primarily on survival due to unpredictable food sources
True
Why did people build settlements near cultivated lands?
For stable and predictable food sources
Name the biomes that Neanderthals typically lived in.
They lived in the forests, grasslands, and coastal areas.
Define the term "nomadic"
It means that they didn't stay in one place for long and didn't have permanent homes.
What is a stone sickle?
An ancient harvesting tool
What were the 3 main food sources they relied on?
Hunting game
Gathering fruits, nuts, and seeds
Harvesting insects and eggs
Name some tools from the agricultural revolution?
Development of farming tools, such as hoes, sickles, and grinding stones
Name 2 physical differences between Neanderthals and Humans
1. Shorter and stockier bodies,
2. Larger noses,
3. Wider ribcages and larger lung capacity,
4. A more prominent brow ridge and a flatter, elongated skull.
How long ago did early humans walk the Earth?
5 million and 7 million years ago.
Which is a more advanced tool, the copper axe or the bronze dagger?
The bronze dagger is the more advanced tool, as it represents the technological shift from the Copper Age (Chalcolithic) to the Bronze Age. While a copper axe is a functional tool, the metallurgical expertise required to produce bronze allows for more complex, resilient, and effective designs.
What caused the end of H-G societies? What advances had to be made?
Humans began to start the domestication of plants and animals
What is irrigation, and why was it important?
Irrigation is a way of bringing water to crops so they can grow. Instead of relying only on rain, people use things like canals, ditches, pipes, or sprinklers to move water from rivers, lakes, or wells to their fields.
Importance: irrigation helped people survive and build strong societies by making farming possible almost anywhere.
Why did Neanderthals have larger noses and wider ribcages?
1. Larger noses: which may have helped warm and humidify cold, dry air.
2. Wider ribcages and larger lung capacity: providing more oxygen for their muscular bodies.
Name the tools that were used by early humans for cutting, hunting, and defense
- Sharp-edged stones for cutting and chopping.
- Wooden spears for hunting and defence.
What is the Levallois Flake?
These flakes were versatile, often used as knives for skinning, scrapers for processing hides, or cutting tools for meat and plant materials. Some, known as "Levallois points," were triangular and may have been hafted onto handles or spear shafts.
What were some foods that humans started to cultivate during the rise of the agricultural revolution?
- Wheat, Barley, Rice
- Meat, Milk, Eggs, and other stable food sources from farmed animals
Name 2 social and economic changes based on agriculture.
- Surplus of food allowed for population growth
- Emergence of social hierarchies and organized governance
- Division of labor led to specialized skills and trades, such as:
➢ Blacksmithing
➢ Pottery
➢ Weaving
- Increased trade between communities and cultural exchange
What are some traditions that Neanderthals had that suggest a more complex culture?
There is evidence to suggest that Neanderthals buried their dead, as burial sites have been found.
There is some evidence that they made jewellery from shells and animal teeth
Cave Paintings to pass on stories and information
Define what Bone Awls and Scrapers were used for by Early Humans
- Bone awls are pointed bones used for making holes in hides and wood.
▪ Scrapers were chipped stones used to skin animals and to cut meat
Name 5 ancient tools
Oldowan Chopper
Acheulean Hand Axe
Levallois Flake
Stone Scraper
Bone Awl
Stone Sickle
Copper Axe
Bronze Dagger