Beat up the cell
Cell ain't done yet
"My time has come"
Dirty death
Will I die?
100
You are taking a blood pressure using Dr. Defrancos auscultation technique. You are trying to balance carrying someones arm, pumping up the cuff and listening to the artery when you notice your patients arm is turning cyanotic. This is causing what kind of cell injury? what is happening inside the cell? and will his arm ever be functional again?
ischemia, depletion of ATP and an increase in lactic acid. And duhhhhhh
100
Name and describe the 4 adaptive responses of cells to stress
Hypertrophy- increase cell size
Hyperplasia- increase cell #
metaplasia- change cell type
atrophy- decrease in cell size
100
in the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis what is not required?
the mitochondria
100
This person died of TB. what kind of necrosis would you expect to find?
caseous
100
autolysis is apart of what kind of injury?
irreversible
200
Describe Barrett Esophagus
Squamous -> Columnar type cells
Caused by acid reflux
Columnar cells less sensitive to increased acidity
200
All of the following are features of apoptosis except
A. cell swelling
B. chromatin condensation
C. formation of cytoplasmic blebs
D. lack of inflammation
A. cell swelling is a characteristic of reversible cell injury
200
Name the necrosis biomarkers associated with Cardiac Muscle, Bile Duct, and Hepatocytes
Cardiac muscle- troponin
Bile Duct- alkaline phosphatase
Hepatocytes- transaminases
200
A 16-year-old girl with a history of suicidal depression swallows a commercial solvent. Her liver biopsy reveals severe swelling of the centrilobular hepatocytes. Which of the following mechanisms of disease most likely attributes to the reversible changes in this liver biopsy?
A. Decreased stores of intracellular ATP
B. Increased storage of free fatty acids and triglycerides
C. Intracytoplasmic rupture of lysosomes
D. Mitochondrial membrane permeability transition
A. Decreased stores of intracellular ATP
key is that it is reversible and the only option what is characteristic to that is A. this causes cellular swelling
300
A 56-year-old woman with a history of high cholesterol and hypertension develops progressive, right renal artery stenosis. Over time, the woman's right kidney is likely to demonstrate which of the following morphologic adaptations to partial ischemia?
Atrophy
*Total ischemia results in cell death. Partial ischemia occurs after incomplete occlusion of a blood vessel or in areas of inadequate circulation. This results in a chronically reduced oxygen supply, a condition often compatible with continued cell viability.
300
The main difference between apoptosis and necrosis is what?
NO INFLAMMATION
300
A 59-year-old female alcoholic is brought to the ER with a fever and foul-smelling breath. The lady develops acute bronchopneumonia and dies of respiratory insufficiency. An autopsy revealed a pulmonary abscess (shown in image below). The wall of the lesion would most likely demonstrate which of the following pathologic changes?
Liquefactive necrosis
*
The leukocytes of the acute inflammatory reaction contain potent hydrolases that digest dead cells. A localized collection of these inflammatory cells in response to a bacterial infection produces rapid death and dissolution of tissue. The result is quite often an abscess defined as a cavity formed by liquefactive necrosis in a solid tissue.
400
when a portion of the liver is resected what happens and through what process
its grows back! through hyperplasia
400
part 1: Intrinsic apoptosis is regulated by what family?
part 2: Like any family there is tension you got ___ and __ that what you to die (proapoptotic) and then __ and __ that who want you to live despite your issues (antiapoptotic)
Bcl-2 family
Proapoptosis= Bax and Bak (BAd people trying to kill you)
antiapoptocic= BCL-2 and BCL-xl