EARTH SCIENCE CONCEPTS
DIRTY WORDS
ATMOSPHERE
GLOBAL WATER RESOURCES AND USE
TERRIBLE PUNS :)
100
-What are the layers of the Earth's core, (from top to --bottom) and what are they made of? -What sphere of the biosphere does this encompass? -What is the asthenopshere, and where is it?
-Mantle - solid rock, Outer core = iron and Sulfur and is semi-solid due to lower pressures, Inner core = nickel and iron = is solid bc of pressure -Lithosphere (rigid upper mantle and the crust) -an area of slowly moving rock located in the mantle
100
-What are the 3 main ingredients in soil? -What ratio should they be at? -How does soil develop? -The soil horizons in order from top down
-minerals (45), air(25), organic mater (5), water (25) -parent material, climate, living organisms topography -O A E B C bedrock
100
-What are the 7 primary components of the atmosphere, and their percentages? -What is weather caused by? -What is climate?
-Nitrogen (78) Oxygen (21) Water Vapor (0-4) Carbon Dioxide (<<1) Methane (<<<1) Nitrous Oxide (<<<1) Ozone (<<<1) -The movement or transfer of heat energy, which influences temperature, air pressure, humidity, precipitation, available sunshine determined by cloud cover, wind speed, and wind direction -the total of all weather occurring over a period of years in a given place
100
-properties of water -forms and amounts of freshwater
-strong hydrogen bonds hold water molecules to each other, the temperature of water changes slowly due to its high specific heat capacity, high boiling point, a lot of energy is needed to evaporate it, is a solvent, filters out harmful UV radiation in aquatic ecosystems, adheres to many solid surfaces, expands when frozen -Freshwater (3) of total water -in freshwater: groundwater (30.1) icecaps and glaciers (68.7), other (.9) -> surface water (.3) -> rivers (2) lakes (87) swamps (11)
100
Did you hear about the guy who got hit in the head with a can of soda?
He was lucky it was a soft drink.
200
-3 plate boundaries and what movement do they have? -What is the result of two oceanic plates converging? -What is the result of two continental plates converging?
-Transform = slide past each other ; Divergent = slide apart Convergent = slide toward each other -An island arc -a mountain range
200
-which layer contains humus? -put these in order from small to large: sand, gravel, clay, silt -What is Loam?
-A -clay, silt, sand, gravel -A soil type with about equal mixtures of clay, sand, silt, and humus. Rich in nutrients. Holds water but does not become waterlogged
200
-What is radiation? Conduction? Convection? -Factors that influence climate?
-Radiation is the flow of electromagnetic radiation. It si the method by which Earth revives solar energy. -Conduction involves the transfer of heat through a substance that results from a difference in temperature between different parts of the substance -Convection involves the movement of warmer and therefore more energetic molecules in the air. It is the primary way energy is transferred from hotter to colder regions in Earth’s atmosphere and is the primary determinant of weather patterns. Takes place vertically and horizontally -air mass, air pressure, albedo, altitude, angle of sunlight, clouds, distance to oceans, fronts, heat, land changes, latitude, location, humidity or moisture content of air, mountain ranges, pollution, rotation, wind patterns, human activity
200
-Oceans cover how much of the Earth's surface? -What are the oceanic zones? (from bottom to top) -Reasons for dramatic increases in ocean temperatures?
-71% Aphotic, Benthic, Disphotic, Neritic, Oceanic, Pelagic, Photic (Euphotic) -significant slowing of the oceanic circulation that transports warm water to the North Atlantic, Large reductions in the greenland and west antarctic ice sheets, accelerated global warming due to carbon cycle feedbacks in the terrestrial biosphere, decreases in upwellings, releases of terrestrial carbon from permafrost regions and methane from hydrates in coastal sediments
200
Did you hear about the new corduroy pillows?
They’re making headlines everywhere!
300
-How are earthquakes caused? -What is the point where the energy is released around? -Where is the epicenter?
-during an abrupt movement on an existing fault or tectonic plate boundary zones or along mid-oceanic ridges -the focus -directly above the focus, on the Earth's surface
300
-Two main agents of erosion? -what are the 3 common types of erosion? -major harmful effects of soil erosion
-Wind and flowing water -Sheet = type of erosion in which surface water moves down a slope and peels off uniform layers of soil Rill = type of erosion that occurs when surface water forms fast flowing channels -Gully = type of erosion that occurs when channels increase in size and depth over time - damage agricultural waterways and infrastructures, messes with wetland ecosystems, reproductive cycles, oxygen capacity, and the pH of water
300
-What is the Coriolis Effect? -What are the 3 types of air circulation cells associated with latitude? Describe them.
-The apparent curvature of global winds, ocean currents, and anything else that moves freely across the Earth's surface, due to the rotation of the Earth on its axis Northern Hemisphere = to the right Southern Hemisphere = to the left Strongest at poles Nonexistent at the equator -Hadley air circulation cells = air heated near the equator rises and spreads out north and south. After cooling in the upper atm, the air sinks back to the Earth's surface within the subtropical climate zones (between 25° and 49° north and south latitudes). Surface air from subtropical regions returns toward the equator to replace the rising air. The equatorial regions of Hadley cells are characterized by high humidity, high clouds and heavy rains. Average temperatures are around 90°F at sea level, and there is no winter. The vegetation is tropical rain forest. Temperature variation from day to night is greater than from season to season. Subtropical regions of the Hadley cell have low relative humidity, little cloud formation, high ocean evaporation due to low humidity and many include many of the world's deserts. The tropical wet and dry (or savanna) climate has a dry season more than 2 months long. Annual losses of water through evaporation in this region exceeds annual water gains from precipitation . Ferrel Air Circulation Cells = develop between 30° and 60° north and south latitudes. climate of this areas is governed by both tropical and polar air masses. Defined seasons are here, with strong annual cycles of temperature and precipitation. Seasonal fluctuation in temperature is greater than teh change in temperature during a 24 hour cycle. Have a distinct winter season. Have broadleaf deciduous and coniferous evergreen forests. -Polar Air circulation cells = originate as icy-cold, dense air that descends from the troposphere to the ground. This air meets with the warm tropical air from the midlatitudes. The air then returns to the poles, cooling and then sinking. Sinking air suppresses precipitation, thus, the polar regions have little precipitation. Climate is characterized by low temperatures, severe winters, and small amounts of precipitation, most of which falls in summer. Annual fluctuation of temperature is greater than the changes in temperature occurring in a 24-hour cycle. Summers are short and temperatures are generally low throughout the year. Two major biomes exist- the tundra and the taiga.
300
-The great ocean conveyor belt -upwellings
-he ocean is not a still body of water. There is constant motion in the ocean in the form of a global ocean conveyor belt. This motion is caused by a combination of thermohaline currents (thermo = temperature; haline = salinity) in the deep ocean and wind-driven currents on the surface. Cold, salty water is dense and sinks to the bottom of the ocean while warm water is less dense and remains on the surface. The ocean conveyor gets its “start” in the Norwegian Sea, where warm water from the Gulf Stream heats the atmosphere in the cold northern latitudes. This loss of heat to the atmosphere makes the water cooler and denser, causing it to sink to the bottom of the ocean. As more warm water is transported north, the cooler water sinks and moves south to make room for the incoming warm water. This cold bottom water flows south of the equator all the way down to Antarctica. Eventually, the cold bottom waters return to the surface through mixing and wind-driven upwelling, continuing the conveyor belt that encircles the globe. -Winds blowing across the ocean surface push water away. Water then rises up from beneath the surface to replace the water that was pushed away. This process is known as “upwelling.” Upwelling occurs in the open ocean and along coastlines. The reverse process, called “downwelling,” also occurs when wind causes surface water to build up along a coastline and the surface water eventually sinks toward the bottom. Water that rises to the surface as a result of upwelling is typically colder and is rich in nutrients. These nutrients “fertilize” surface waters, meaning that these surface waters often have high biological productivity. Therefore, good fishing grounds typically are found where upwelling is common.
300
What do you call dangerous precipitation?
A rain of terror.
400
-How are earthquakes measured? -What is it recorded by? -What does it measure? -Each whole number increase on the scale, represents how much of an increase? -What are the two types of seismic waves? describe them. -What are S and P waves? -The severity of an Earthquake depends on what? -What are the primary and secondary effects of earthquakes? How can damage by reduced? -How are tsunamis formed?
-The Richter scale -a seismograph -amplitude -10x -Surface and Body waves -Surface = produce rolling/swaying motion and are slower than P or S waves. Cause ground motion and damage Body = travel through the interior of the Earth both are types of body waves. S waves = produced when material moves either vertically or horizontally and travel only within the uppermost layers of the Earth. P waves = travel through Earth and are caused by expansion and contraction of bedrock -the amount of potential energy that had been stored, the distance the rock mass moved when the energy was released, how far below the surface the movement occurred, the makeup of the rock -Primary are due to the shaking and resulting damage to buildings and infrastructure due to the loss of life or injury. Secondary effects include rock slides, flooding, tsunamis, etc. Can be reduced by mapping of faults, preparing computer models and simulations, strengthening building codes, preparing emergency teams with adequate training, etc -when plate boundaries abruptly move and vertically displaces the overlying water. usually formed on subduction zones and not not divergent plate boundaries
400
Organic vs. Inorganic fertilizers
Organic: animal manure, green manure, compost - improves soil texture, adds organic nitrogen, stimulates beneficial bacteria and fungi - improves water-holding capacity of soil -helps to prevent erosion Inorganic: does not add humus to the soil = less ability to gold water and support living organisms -lowers oxygen content of the soil = keeping fertilizer from being taken up efficiently - supplies only a limited number of nutrients (usually nitrogen and phosphorus) - requires large amounts of energy to produce, transport, and apply -Releases nitrous oxide = a greenhouse gas
400
-What causes hurricanes and tornadoes? How can they be mitigated? -El Nino and La Nina. How do they develop? -Environmental effects they have
-begin over warm oceans in areas where the trade winds converge. A subtropical high-pressure zone creates hot daytime temperatures with low humidity that allows for large-amounts of evaporation. The Coriolis effect initiates the cyclonic flow. stages of hurricane development include the presence of separate thunderstorms that have developed over tropical regions, and cyclonic circulation that begins to cause these thunderstorms to move in a circular motion. These cyclonic circulation allows them to pick up moisture and latent heat energy from the ocean. Center (eye) is low pressure and descending air, while the rest is rising air with high pressure -when the air pressure patterns in the South Pacific reverse, the trade winds decrease in strength and can reverse directions. The result is that the normal flow of water away from South America decreases and ocean water piles up off South America. This pushes the thermocline deeper and decreases the upwelling of nutrient-rich deep water = kills fish. Deeper thermocline = increased surface temperature. This warm phase = EL NINO. LA NINA= When trade winds that blow west across the tropical Pacific are stronger than normal, leading to an upwellings off South America and hence cooler than normal sea surface temperatures. The prevailing rain pattern aalos shifts farther west than normal. These winds pile up warm surface water in the western pacific. The cool = LA NINA, THE WARM = EL NINO
400
-Agricultural usage (pros and cons of irrigation types) -Industrial usage -Domestic Usage
UGH TYPING, can we talk about this one?
400
How much do dead batteries cost?
Nothing - they're free of charge.
500
-Where do the majority of volcanoes occur? -How are they formed? -atmospheric effects? -basic structure? -Mitigation
-at subduction zones and mid-oceanic ridges -*see plate tectonics question -release steam, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride, the sulfur effects the climate because, the sulfate particles reflect shorter wavelengths of solar radiation and serve as condensation nuclei for high clouds -Look at a picture, how can i explain it.... -modeling and data analysis for better volcanic activity prediction, better evacuation plans, study of precursors such as changes in the cone, measuring changes in temperature and gas composition, changes in seismic activity
500
-What are the stages of the soil cycle? -The rock cycle
-*LOOK AT A PICTURE. -How can i describe a cycle? d:( (he/she is wearing a hat)
500
ozone stuff
lets talk about it, i love all this typing...
500
-Water Shortages -Rising sea levels (factors and impact) -conservation
-The rate of water consumption is growing twice as fast as as the population growth rate. Freshwater shortages that result from this demand can be due to natural weather patterns that reduce rainfall, rivers changing course, flooding that contaminates existing supplies, competition for water, overgrazing and the resulting erosion, pollution of existing supplies, and competing interests that reduce water conservation programs -thermal expansion of water and the melting of icecaps and glaciers -Thermal expansion: ocean water expands as it warms -Impacts: things melt, things die, ocean goes up, erosion of beaches and bluffs, salt intrusion into aquifers and surface waters, inundation of seawater into low-lying areas, increased flooding, storm damages -Conservation:Changes in personal habits, construct dams and reservoirs, desalinate water, drip irrigation, education, encourage the use of recycled products that require less water to produce, engineer systems to collect more runoff, levy taxes or user fees, line irrigation channels and cover canals, meter all used water plant crops that do not require as much water and xeriscaping (reduces urban runoff), rebates or legislation of low-flush toilets, shower restrictors, reduce gov subsidies, reprocess (recycle) water, seed clouds, tiered price scale, use of icebergs, use more groundwater
500
They had a vote to decide a theory to replace continental drift.
Plate Tectonics won by land slide.
M
e
n
u