Anatomy MCQ
What is the main source of blood supply to the lung tissue?
a. pulmonary arteries
b. bronchial arteries
c. lobar arteries
d. segmental arteries
b. bronchial arteries
Name 8 things occurring at the sternal angle of Louis
- tracheal bifurcation (carina)
- aortic arch
- 2nd rib / costal cartilage
- pulmonary trunk bifurcation
- ligamentum arteriosum
- azygous vein termination
- L. recurrent laryngeal nerve loops under aortic arch
- thoracic duct moves right to left behind oesophagus
What are 4 of the most common pathogenic causes of community acquired pneumonia?
Which lobe is most likely involved when a consolidation is seen silhouetting the right heart border on a frontal chest X-ray?
Right Middle Lobe
The right lung contains a horizontal fissure. What rib does this fissure follow the course of?
a. 3rd
b. 4th
c. 5th
d. 6th
b. 4th
What drains into each meatus?
Superior meatus: posterior ethmoid sinus and sphenoid sinus
Middle meatus: frontal sinus, anterior & middle ethmoid sinuses, maxillary sinus
Inferior meatus: nasolacrimal duct
A lung biopsy shows caseating granulomas. Which disease is most likely responsible?
centrilobular and paraseptal
A patient has a tumor compressing the left main bronchus and left pulmonary artery. Which structure is most likely to also be compressed due to its anatomical location?
A. Left phrenic nerve
B. Left vagus nerve
C. Thoracic duct
D. Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
E. Esophagus
E. oesophagus
What is the innervation of the pleura?
Parietal: somatic - intercostal and phrenic
Visceral: autonomic - vagus and sympathetic
What are the microscopic and macroscopic features of caseous necrosis?
Macroscopic: The term caseous means "cheese-like," which refers to the whitish appearance of the necrotic area. This necrosis takes place in tuberculous infection, and the necrotic area is referred to as a granuloma.
Microscopic: Caseous necrosis, microscopically, is characterized by an acellular, pink, amorphous, granular material with eosinophilic staining, often containing remnants of cell nuclei. This necrotic area is typically surrounded by a granulomatous inflammatory process. The tissue architecture is lost, unlike in coagulative necrosis.
what is the size of a military nodule?
Which of the following structures is most likely to be injured during a right subclavian central line insertion due to its close anatomical proximity?
A. Right recurrent laryngeal nerve
B. Thoracic duct
C. Apex of the lung
D. Right vagus nerve
E. Internal jugular vein
C. apex of the lung
What layers do you go through in a tracheostomy?
- skin
- subcutaneous tissue
- platysma muscle
- deep cervical fascia
- strap muscles (sternohyoid, sternothyroid)
- isthmus of the thyroid
- 2nd or 3rd tracheal ring
What is the significance of α1-antitrypsin deficiency in pulmonary pathology?
Leads to unopposed neutrophil elastase activity
Results in panacinar emphysema, especially in lower lobes
Inherited condition (autosomal recessive)
Can also affect the liver (hepatocellular accumulation)
Describe three radiological signs that suggest a pulmonary embolism on CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA)
Peripheral wedge-shaped infarct (Hampton’s hump on CXR, rare)
Oligemia in affected area (Westermark sign)
Right ventricular dilation as secondary effect
What exits the caval hiatus in the diaphragm alongside the IVC?
a. L. vagus nerve
b. L. phrenic nerve
c. R. vagus nerve
d. R. phrenic nerve
d. R. phrenic nerve
What are the 5 arteries that anastomose at Little's Area (Kiesselbachs Plexus)?
- anterior ethmoid artery (from ophthalmic)
- posterior ethmoid artery (ophthalmic)
- sphenopalatine artery (from maxillary)
- greater palatine artery (from maxillary)
- superior labial artery (from facial)
What are the pathological consequences of chronic bronchitis on the airway epithelium and submucosa?
Mucous gland hyperplasia
Goblet cell metaplasia
Inflammatory cell infiltration
Airway narrowing and obstruction
What is the air bronchogram sign, and what does it indicate?
Air-filled bronchi visible within an area of opacified alveoli
Suggests alveolar consolidation (e.g. pneumonia, pulmonary edema)
Rules out pleural effusion or atelectasis