Thinking and Decision Making
This model states that we have 2 systems for problem-solving and decision making
Dual Process Model
This memory model states that we store memory in multiple places in our minds
The MSM (Multi-Store Model)
The observer must be able to remember the behavior that they have observed to then reproduce that behavior immediately or after some time has passed.
The groups we belong to and identify with are called our:
In-groups
a generalization that is made about a group and then attributed to members of that group.
stereotype
This system of thinking is fast, automatic, takes shortcuts, uses heuristics, etc
System 1 thinking
This memory model states short term memory is not just one store but a number of different stores; explains why we can multi-task
Working Memory Model (WMM)
The learner must focus on the model in order to learn a behavior. Can be influenced by certain factors, including the model’s attractiveness, authority, or level of entertainment
Attention
When an identity is activated it is:
Salient
This is a hypothesis that claims members of in-groups will perceive members of their own group as being more diverse than an out-group and they will perceive out-group members as being more similar to one another.
Out-group homogeneity
This system of thinking is slower and more rational; Requires concentration and effort
System 2 Thinking
A a system of organizing and perceiving new information; based on our past experiences
Schema
Learners must want to replicate the behavior that they have observed. They must understand the potential outcome if they repeat the behavior – was the model rewarded or punished for their behavior?
Motivation
Once we categorize people into “us” and “them”, self-esteem is maintained by:
Social Comparison
You feel that you might behave in a way that confirms a stereotype about a group that you belong to.
This bias is the tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of info we see when making decisions
Anchoring Bias
A highly detailed, exceptionally vivid "snapshot" of the moment when a surprising and emotionally arousing event happened.
Flashbulb Memory
The individual must have the physical and/or mental ability to replicate the behavior. What aspect of SLT is this?
Potential
The process of classifying people based on similar characteristics, whether nationality, age, occupation or some other trait.
Social Categorization:
How does stereotype threat affect test performance according to Steele and Aronson (1995)?
Test scores went down for black students under stereotype threat
This bias is when our decisions are influenced by the way information is presented.
Framing Effect
Theory that memory is a process of reconstructing past events using a combination of information from the event, personal experiences, and other cognitive processes
Reconstructive Memory
This term means that we don't have to personally experience a reward or a punishment for a behavior; we can watch another person experience it and then learn through observation.
Vicarious Reinforcement
In Hilliard and Liben (2010), preschoolers had their gender identities made salient. How did this affect their play time with other genders?
Play time with other genders decreased
Why does stereotype threat decrease performance?
Spotlight Anxiety, or an individual's anxiety about confirming stereotypes hurts their performance