Cell
DNA Structure, Replication & Protein Synthesis
Genetics
Human A&P
Cell Respiration & Photosynthesis
100
Outline 3 components of Cell Theory
-all cells come from other pre-existing cells
-all living organisms are made of one or more cells
-cells are smallest unit of life
100
The monomer of nucleic acids are called...
nucleotides
100
True or False: The higher a species' chromosome number, the more complex it is.
FALSE
100
Name any three organs involved in the digestive system.
-alimentary canal
-stomach
-small/large intestine
-pancreas
-liver
100
What types of species might do both photosynthesis and cell respiration within the same cell?
plant, algae
200
Draw a simple diagram of a single phospholipid.
200
Briefly explain when and why DNA replication must occur.
Must occur before mitosis/division so that both daughter cells contain 2 complete, identical sets of DNA.
200
Define a gene.
a heritable factor that consists of a sequence of DNA and influences a specific characteristic.
200
What is the name of the valves that separate the atrium and ventricle?
atrio-ventricular valves
200
Name 2 pigments in leaves that are responsible for absorbing photons during photosynthesis.
-chlorophyll a
-chlorophyll b
-b carotenoid
300
Compare and contrast active and passive transport.
Active: uses energy (or ATP) to move molecules against concentration gradient
Passive: does not use energy to move molecules with/along concentration gradient
300
Label the arrows below with the names of the processes they represent.
DNA --> RNA --> Protein
Transcription
Translation
300
Short tails are recessive to long tails in a species of tropical lizard. A heterozygous individual and a homozygous long tail lizard are crossed. Complete a Punnet grid to determine the phenotypic ratios of the offspring.
100% long tail lizards
300
What structure surrounds the axon of neurons and increases the speed of signal transduction?
myelin sheath
300
In glycolysis, 1 glucose molecule is broken down into 2 __________________ molecules.
pyruvate
400
List 3 structures you're likely to find in a micrograph of an animal cell that you won't find in a bacteria cell.
-nucleus
-mitochondria
-GA
-RER
-lysosomes
-vacuoles
400
The 2 strands of nucleotides are held together by _______________ bonds to create a double helix.
hydrogen
400
State 2 aspects of meiosis that increase genetic variability among individuals of a species.
-crossing over
-random orientation of homologous chromosomes and spindle fiber connections
400
Describe what the diaphragm and intercostal muscles do upon exhalation.
Diaphragm relaxes.
External Intercostals relax and Internal Intercostals contract.
400
State 2 possible products of anaerobic respiration.
lactic acid and ethanol
500
Draw a digram that represents all the stages of mitosis in order.
500
A sequence of anti-sense strand DNA reads: CCGTAGATA
What polypeptide would be produced from this DNA sequence?
Glycine - Isoleucine - Tyrosine
500
Insulin is a protein typically produced by the liver but some diabetics aren't able to produce enough insulin to control the glucose in their blood. Outline the biotechnology process of making recombinant insulin.
-Isolate insulin gene
-Remove a plasmid from E. coli
-Clone/insert the insulin gene into the plasmid
-Place the plasmid back into the E. coli and grow a bunch of the bacteria
-Harvest E. coli, then extract and purify insulin protein
500
Draw a diagram of the blood clotting process, include the signal cascade that occurs.
-damaged blood vessel sends signal to platelets
-platelets get stickier and send clotting factors that change prothrombin --> thrombin
-Thrombin converts fibrinogen --> fibrin, a fibrous protein that makes a mesh net on the vessel and catches platelets/cells to form clot
500
Briefly compare and contrast light-dependent and light independent reactions.
-both components of photosynthesis
-light-dependent utilize and absorb light energy and convert it to chemical energy (ATP)
-light-independent reactions utilize the ATP to convert CO2 and water into glucose