Give 2 differences between prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell structure
ex. nucleoid/nucleus; ribosome 70S/80S; none/membrane bound organelles; peptidoglycan cell wall/cellulose, gluten, mannan or chitin, <10um/>10um; circular DNA/linear DNA
100
The difference between tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins
tertiary includes the features of beta pleated sheets and alpha helices (helixes)
Quaternary includes several polypeptide subunits (like hemoglobin includes 4 subunits - each made by a different gene)
100
The difference between a gene and an allele. Use an example in your answer.
Genes are DNA sequences that determine characteristics by coding for proteins. Alleles are variations of the same gene
ex. eye color gene with alleles for blue or brown.
100
The oxygen produced in photosynthesis comes from
Splitting a water molecule
200
Order of taxonomic levels from Domain to Species
DKPCOFGS
200
The organelle present in Animals but not in plants
Centrioles
200
The difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
AND the difference between CIS and TRANS fatty acids
saturated have no C=C only C-C
Unsaturated have at least 1 C=C
Cis has H on SAME side
Trans has H on opposite sides of double bonds
200
Types of single base gene mutations include
a
b
c
Which type(s) make the most significant changes to the protein produced?
Substitution, *insertion, *deletion
200
Where exactly carbon fixation or ____________occurs in plant cells.
Calvin cycle or light independent reactions happen in the stroma of the chloroplast
300
Distinctive features of Arthropoda
Bonus for example of organism in this group
initially - rises with temp
reaches an optimum
decreases as enzymes denature
300
Transcribe this Sense strand DNA code
ATGCCAGATCATTAG
AUGCCAGAUCAUUAG
300
__________ light has very short wavelengths; ___________ light has long wavelengths and medium wavelength ____________ light is reflected by chlorophyll.
Blue/Violet; Red; Green
400
This taxa has hair on their bodies and feeds young with milk from a milk gland
Mammals
400
Stem cell research is controversial. Give the main reason (must name stem cell type that is most controversial)
Pluripotent cells are obtained from fertilized human embryos and their collection destroys the embryo. Some people think this is equivalent to killing babies.
400
The effect of enzymes on the activation energy of biological reactions
Enzymes lower the activation energy - make it easier to start a reaction
400
Draw di-nucleotide (pair G-C) of DNA clearly labeling the covalent and the hydrogen bonds
Covalent between P and Sugar and between sugar and base
H-Bond between complementary G and C (should be 3).
400
Explain how CO2 is produced in the Mitochondria and give the ultimate role of oxygen in aerobic respiration.
CO2 is first released as Pyruvate (3C) is split into CO2 and Acetyl CoA (2C). Then 2 more times in the Krebs cycle as the Acetyl CoA joins with a 4 C compound then decarboxylates (loses C) --> 5C again when 5C-->4 C.
The ultimate role of O2 is to receive spent high energy electrons that have gone down the ETC.
500
Compare and Contrast features of organisms of plant taxa Filicinophyta and Angiospermophyta
F does not have flowers and A does
Both are vascular plants
F has triangular fronds of many leaves (are Ferns)
F has spores on underside of leaves A has seeds in fruit or seed pod
500
The role of cyclins is to _________ cell division in the process of _____________.
control or regulate; Mitosis
500
A) This happens to the Surface Area (SA) to Volume (V) ratio of a growing cell.
B) Why this limits cell size
A) SA:V SA increases slower than V so V outstrips SA
B)SA or cell membrane becomes too limited to serve the needs of a cell that has an increased volume. The membrane is needed to transport things in and out of a cell O2 CO2 Water and nutrients - all essential to life.
500
What is the point of crossover in Meiosis and in what phases does it occur?
It creates variety in gametes produced mixing up the genes of from both grandparents (the parents homologous chromosomes)
500
Compare and Contrast two named types of fermentation.
Lactic Acid and Alcohol fermentation
Similarities: both occur in the cytoplasm; both start with glycolysis; both function to keep glycolysis going (by producing NAD+); both produce a total of 2 ATPs per glucose
Lactic acid produces Lactate but no CO2
Alcoholic produces Ethanol and CO2 (bubbles)
Humans do NOT do Alcohol fermentation but do Lactic acid fermentation in muscle tissues when O2 is lacking.