Biotechnology
Genetics
Plants
Physiology
Evolution
100
Define "clone"
What is a group of genetically identical organisms or a group of cells derived from a single parent cell
100
Define phenotype.
The characteristics of an organism (not genetic make up)
100
Define transpiration
What is the loss of water vapor from the leaves and stems of plants
100
Organ that makes bile
What is the liver (stored in the gall bladder)
100

Populations of a species can gradually diverge into separate species by evolution

What is speciation?

200
A technique used to copy and amplify minute quantities of DNA.
What is polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
200
What are codominant alleles?
When both phenotypes are expressed, liked in AB blood
200
What are 3 adaptations of xerophytes.
What are: reduced leaves, spines, thick waxy cuticle, fewer stomata, upright structure, and more
200
Vessel that goes from the right ventricle to the lungs.
Pulmonary artery (blood is not oxygenated)
200

Give an example of evidence for evolution

What is:

The fossil record

Selective breeding 

Homologous structures

300
What are 3 outcomes of the sequencing of the complete human genome?
Makes it possible to study how genes influence development; allows for easier identification of genetic diseases; allows for the production of new drugs based on DNA base sequences of genes and structure of proteins; gives insights into human evolution and migrations
300
State 2 reasons for the huge genetic variation in gametes.
Independent assortment when chromosomes line up at metaphase I. Crossing over of non-sister chromatids during prophase I.
300
Compare monocotyledonous plants and dicotyledonous plants.
Monocots: parallel veins, flower parts in multiples of 3, 1 cotyledon in seeds, adventitious roots, vascular bundles spread evenly in stems Dicots: net-like veins, flower parts in multiples of 4 and 5, 2 cotyledons in seeds, taproot, vascular bundles in ring in stem
300
What are the components of blood?
What are plasma, red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (phagocytes and lymphocytes), platelets
300

What taxa does the binomial system of nomenclature include? (what info is included in the name?)

First name= Genus

Second name= species

400
Describe how to clone an animal like a sheep using a differentiated cell
From sheep #1 take an unfertilized egg and remove nucleus; get differentiated cell (like an udder cell) from sheep #2, remove nucleus, and place nucleus in denucleated egg cell; give pulses of electricity to promote cell division; let embryo divide and place blastocyst in uterus of sheep #3 (surrogate); let baby sheep develop until birth; baby sheet is clone of sheep #2
400
A female carrier of hemophilia has a child with a normal male. What are the chances the child will have hemophilia if it is a boy? A girl?
Chances for a boy are 50% and for a girl 0%, although the girl has a 50% of being a carrier of hemophilia.
400
Describe water transport in plants from roots to leaves.
Water coheres well to itself and adheres to the thin tubes of xyem. As water evaporates through stoma, it pulls one molecule at a time in a long stream (transpiration pull). This is called "capillary action". When water gets pulled at the roots, this creates negative pressure and more water is pushed into the root.
400
Describe features of the villus that support its function.
What are: large surface area, epithelium is single layer of cells for quick absorption, microvilli increase surface area more (and filter out bacteria), protein channels allow quick absorption and active transport, mitochondria provide ATP for active transport, blood capillaries are close to epithelium to expedite diffusion, lacteal down the middle of villus absorbs lipids
400

Describe the 2 different ways biologists classified figworts?

First way was by phenotype (appearance) and similarities

Second way was using cladistics and genetic evidence.

500
List 3 benefits and 3 possible harmful effects of genetic modification.
Benefits: crops can be made more nutritious (golden rice w/ beta carotene), crops can be made pest resistant (Bt maize), higher yield per acre, crops can be made drought-resistant, longer shelf life for something like tomatoes Harmful effects: negative health effects not well understood; possible allergic reactions; possible cross pollination of crops, possible "super weeds" resistant to herbicide; it's "unnatural"; much more
500
In a cross between YyRr and YrRr, what proportion of seeds are yellow and wrinkled (yellow-Y is dominant, wrinkled-r is recessive)
What is 3/16. Chance of yellow is 3/4 and chance of wrinkled is 1/4. Multiply those and you get 3/16.
500
Describe the role of phytochromes and photoperiodism.
There is P (red) and P (far red). P (red) is the inactive form and converts quickly to the active P (far red) when it absorbs red light during the day. P (far red) slowly converts back to P (red) at night. If the nights are short (long days), there is P (far red) left in the morning and it stimulates flowering in long-day plants. In short day plants, P (far red) is an inhibitor of flowering, but if the night is long, it is completely converted and will not inhibit flowering. Hence, flowering of short-day flowers!
500

Describe the role of epinephrine in the heart

SA node responds to epinephrine in the blood by increasing heart rate. It is also called adrenaline. This hormone rises with physical activity. 

500

What type of animal has a mouth only, bilateral symmetry, soft with no skeleton & has a flat, thin body in the shape of a ribbon. No blood system or system for gas exchange. 

Platylhelminthes (flatworm)

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