Biotechnology
Define "clone"
What is a group of genetically identical organisms or a group of cells derived from a single parent cell
Define phenotype.
The characteristics of an organism (not genetic make up)
Define transpiration
What is the loss of water vapor from the leaves and stems of plants
What is the net output of ATP during glycolysis? (per glucose molecule)?
What is 2?
A technique used to copy and amplify minute quantities of DNA.
What is polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
What are 3 adaptations of xerophytes.
What are: reduced leaves, spines, thick waxy cuticle, fewer stomata, upright structure, and more
Type of hormone that can cross the cell membrane of its target cell.
Steroid Hormone
In glycolysis, what is the name of the resulting 3 carbon molecule?
What is Pyruvate?
What are 3 outcomes of the sequencing of the complete human genome?
Makes it possible to study how genes influence development; allows for easier identification of genetic diseases; allows for the production of new drugs based on DNA base sequences of genes and structure of proteins; gives insights into human evolution and migrations
Compare monocotyledonous plants and dicotyledonous plants.
Monocots: parallel veins, flower parts in multiples of 3, 1 cotyledon in seeds, adventitious roots, vascular bundles spread evenly in stems Dicots: net-like veins, flower parts in multiples of 4 and 5, 2 cotyledons in seeds, taproot, vascular bundles in ring in stem
Why must PKU be detected/treated early on in development?
Causes Brain Damage
What is photophosphorylation?
What is the production of ATP from ADP fueled by light?
Describe how to clone an animal like a sheep using a differentiated cell
From sheep #1 take an unfertilized egg and remove nucleus; get differentiated cell (like an udder cell) from sheep #2, remove nucleus, and place nucleus in denucleated egg cell; give pulses of electricity to promote cell division; let embryo divide and place blastocyst in uterus of sheep #3 (surrogate); let baby sheep develop until birth; baby sheet is clone of sheep #2
Describe water transport in plants from roots to leaves.
Water coheres well to itself and adheres to the thin tubes of xyem. As water evaporates through stoma, it pulls one molecule at a time in a long stream (transpiration pull). This is called "capillary action". When water gets pulled at the roots, this creates negative pressure and more water is pushed into the root.
Describe features of the villus that support its function.
What are: large surface area, epithelium is single layer of cells for quick absorption, microvilli increase surface area more (and filter out bacteria), protein channels allow quick absorption and active transport, mitochondria provide ATP for active transport, blood capillaries are close to epithelium to expedite diffusion, lacteal down the middle of villus absorbs lipids
What are 3 limiting factors in photosynthesis?
What are: light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, and temperature
List 3 benefits and 3 possible harmful effects of genetic modification.
Benefits: crops can be made more nutritious (golden rice w/ beta carotene), crops can be made pest resistant (Bt maize), higher yield per acre, crops can be made drought-resistant, longer shelf life for something like tomatoes Harmful effects: negative health effects not well understood; possible allergic reactions; possible cross pollination of crops, possible "super weeds" resistant to herbicide; it's "unnatural"; much more
Describe the role of phytochromes and photoperiodism.
There is Pr and Pfr. Pr is the inactive form and converts quickly to the active Pfr when it absorbs red light during the day. Pfr slowly converts back to Pr at night.
Describe an example of Positive Feedback
Birthing contractions, lactation, etc.
What products from the light dependent reactions are needed in the Calvin Cycle?
ATP and NADPH from the light dependent reactions are used in the Calvin Cycle.