Cell Theory + Functions of Life
Macromolecules
DNA Replication
Cell Division
Eukaryotes/Stem Cells
100

The three parts to the cell theory.

1. Cell can only be formed by division of pre-existing cells

2. The cell is the basic unit of life.

3. All living things are made of cells.

100
Draw an amino acid.
Refer to review packet
100
List the four nucleotides and state the base-pairing rule.
Adenine - Thymine Cytosine - Guanine
100

Phases of the cell cycle with descriptions

G1 - growth

S - synthesis of DNA

G2 - Growth and prep for mitosis

M - mitosis

100

Compare the structure of RNA and DNA.

DNA - 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose); has 4 nitrogenous bases (C, G, T, A); double stranded molecule RNA - 5 carbon sugar (ribose); has 4 nitrogenous bases (C, G, U, A); single stranded molecule

200

Features of giant algae that make them an atypical cell.

Giant algae can be huge, single celled organism with a single nucleus (like in umbrella algae,  Acetabularia).

200
Compare and contrast condensation and hydrolysis reactions.
Condensation (dehydration) - build polymer, loss of water Hydrolysis - break a polymer into monomers, gain of water
200
Explain the significance of complementary base pairing.
The conservation of base sequence of DNA. DNA must be replicated identically.
200

Role of mitosis

  • Embryonic Development

  • Growth

  • Repair of Tissues

  • Asexual Reproduction

200

The least differentiated stage of cells

What is pluripotent?
300

characteristics of Chlamydomonas that allow it to perform the functions of life

single celled eukaryotic organism

autotroph that uses photosynthesis to OBTAIN ENERGY

Cytoplasm and chloroplast contain dissolved enzymes that catalyze metabolic reactions

A light sensitive “eyespot” allows Chlamydomonas to sense light and swim to it using its two flagella, illustrating the organism's ability to respond to changes in the environment.

The cell will grow until it reaches a maximum surface area to volume ratio (1.1.U3), at which point it will divide.  

The nucleus of the cell divides via mitosis (1.6.U1) to make another nuclei before the cell reproduces asexually.  The nuclei can also fuse and divide to carry out a form of sexual reproduction (5.2.U2).


The oxygen byproduct of photosynthesis (2.9.U4) diffuses out through the cell membrane (1.4.U1), an example of  exchanging matter with the environment.

To maintain homeostasis, excess water within the cell  is collected into a pair of “contractile vacuoles” which alternately swell and expel water through an opening in the cell membrane.

300
Name a difference in structure between glucose and ribose.
glucose is a hexagon shape and ribose is a pentagon shape
300
Which strand of DNA are Okazaki fragments found on?
The Lagging strand
300

Alveolus cells forming a tumor in the lungs

What is signs a person has developed metastatic cancer?

300

The correct process for a description of the endomembrane system. 

1. production of mRNA from DNA in nucleus

2. mRNA goes out of the nucleus through a nuclear pore

3. using RNA code, a protein is synthesized on a ribosome and transported in channels of the endoplasmic reticulum

4. protein is finished and packaged into vesicles in the golgi apparatus. 

5. Finished protein Is packaged into secretory vesicles for release from the cell or stored in a vesicle fused inside the cell. 


400

Evidence from Pasteur's experiments that spontaneous generation of cells and  organisms does not now occur on Earth

Pasteur’s experiment consisted of two parts. In the first part, the broth in the flask was boiled to sterilize it. When this broth was cooled, it remained free of microbial contamination. In the second part of the experiment, the flask was boiled and then the neck was broken off. The broth in this flask became contaminated with microbes.

400
Explain the effect of temperature on enzyme activity.
Enzymes work at optimal temperature. Generally, as temperature increases, enzyme activity increases. However, when the temperature becomes to extreme for the enzyme, the enzyme will denature and the activity will halt.
400
List the four enzymes involved in DNA replication and their role.
Helicase - unwinds the DNA DNA polymerase - adds complementary bases to template strand RNA primase - adds RNA primer to template strand so DNA polymerase knows where to begin DNA primase - replaces RNA primer with DNA
400

Mitosis stages

Interphase

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

Cytokinesis

400
A cell that is estimated to be 0.09mm is viewed through a microscope and drawn at 7.6 cm. What is its magnification?

800x

500

Endosymbiotic Theory evidence

Both mitochondria & chloroplasts

  • Resemble bacterial structure

  • Have their own membranous envelopes (like a cell membrane)

  • are the same approximate size as prokaryotes

  • have 70s ribosomes (!)

  • Both mitochondria & chloroplasts 

    • have circular naked DNA

    • DNA shares common sequences with modern prokaryotes

500
State four functions of proteins, giving a named example of each.
1. Transporter - haemoglobin 2. Muscle movement (contraction) in animals - actin and myosin 3. Act as hormones - insulin 4. Antibodies - immunoglobulins 5. Enzymes - amylase
500
List a difference between DNA polymerase III and DNA polymerase I.
DNA polymerase III - synthesizes new strand by adding nucleotides onto the template strand DNA polymerase I - removes the primer and replaces it with DNA
500

Eukaryotic chromosome packaging

Eukaryotic chromosomes are linear DNA molecules associated with Histone Proteins

500

The process of secretion by pancreatic secretory cells (acinus)

What is produce and transport enzymes that are released into the pancreatic duct and passed into the duodenum (top part of the small intestine) where they assist in the digestion of food 

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