Cell Respiration
and
Photosynthesis
Macromolecules
DNA Replication
PCR
Transcription
and
Translation
100
Write out the chemical equation for aerobic cell respiration.
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 - - - - 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 38 ATP
100

Draw an amino acid.

Refer to other

100
List the four nucleotides and state the base-pairing rule.
Adenine - Thymine Cytosine - Guanine
100

State the function of PCR

amplify DNA (make a lot of copies)

100
Compare the structure of RNA and DNA.
DNA - 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose); has 4 nitrogenous bases (C, G, T, A); double stranded molecule RNA - 5 carbon sugar (ribose); has 4 nitrogenous bases (C, G, U, A); single stranded molecule
200

List two ways the rate of photosynthesis can be measured.

Increase in carbon dioxide, decrease in oxygen, and increase in biomass.

200
Compare and contrast condensation and hydrolysis reactions.
Condensation (dehydration) - build polymer, loss of water Hydrolysis - break a polymer into monomers, gain of water
200
Explain the significance of complementary base pairing.
The conservation of base sequence of DNA. DNA must be replicated identically.
200

State two applications of PCR

crime scene, paternity testing, mutation identification, species identification

200
Where does transcription and translation take place?
transcription - nucleus translation - cytoplasm
300

List the products of alcoholic fermentation (yeast).

carbon dioxide and ethanol

300
Name a difference in structure between glucose and ribose.
glucose is a hexagon shape and ribose is a pentagon shape
300

Which direction does DNA replication go?

5'-3'

300

State two things needed for PCR

Taq polymerase, thermal cycler, bases, sample

300
Explain the role of tRNA.
tRNA has anticodons that bind to the codons. tRNA also carries a specific amino acid.
400
Outline the differences in absorption of red, blue, and green light by chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll is a green pigment therefore reflects green light. This means that chlorophyll absorbs other wavelengths of the visible light spectrum like the red and blue wavelengths of energy.
400
Explain the effect of temperature on enzyme activity.
Enzymes work at optimal temperature. Generally, as temperature increases, enzyme activity increases. However, when the temperature becomes to extreme for the enzyme, the enzyme will denature and the activity will halt.
400

List the enzymes involved in DNA replication and their role.

Helicase - unwinds the DNA DNA polymerase - adds complementary bases to template strand 

400

Explain why heat is important to PCR and Taq Polymerase.

Heat is needed to break apart DNA. Taq is heat tolerant and is able to withstand the heat from the cycler to make complementary base pairs. 

400
Explain the E site of a ribosome.
E site is the site from which the tRNA that has lost its amino acid is discharged.
500
Outline the effects of temperature, light intensity, and carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis.
Temperature - as temperature increases the rate of photosynthesis increases due to the increase in molecular collisions. At a certain point though, the enzymes will become denatured at too high of a temperature. Light intensity - as the light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases, but the rate will plateau as enzymes are already working at their maximum rate Carbon dioxide - as CO2 increases so does the rate of photosynthesis but then plateaus unless light or temperature is also increased
500
State four functions of proteins, giving a named example of each.
1. Transporter - haemoglobin 2. Muscle movement (contraction) in animals - actin and myosin 3. Act as hormones - insulin 4. Antibodies - immunoglobulins 5. Enzymes - amylase
500

Explain what is meant by semi-conservative.

One side of the DNA is old and one side is new. 

500

Explain the steps of PCR.

Denaturation- DNA sample is heated to separate it into two strands 

Annealing-DNA primers attach to opposite ends of the target sequence  

Elongation- heat-tolerant DNA polymerase (Taq) copies the strands 

500

Translation involves several phases. Explain each of these.

Initiation: a start codon on mRNA for the tRNA to read and bind to with the anticodon to start the process of translation. Elongation: involves tRNA bringing amino acids to mRNA. Termination: One of the three stop codons appears signaling the tRNA to stop the process and leave.

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