Cell Respiration
and
Photosynthesis
Macromolecules
DNA Replication
Membrane and Transport
Transcription
and
Translation
100
Write out the chemical equation for aerobic cell respiration.
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 - - - - 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 38 ATP
100

Type of bond that connects proteins

peptide

100
List the four nucleotides and state the base-pairing rule.
Adenine - Thymine Cytosine - Guanine
100

movement of water

osmosis

100
Compare the structure of RNA and DNA.
DNA - 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose); has 4 nitrogenous bases (C, G, T, A); double stranded molecule RNA - 5 carbon sugar (ribose); has 4 nitrogenous bases (C, G, U, A); single stranded molecule
200

List two ways the rate of photosynthesis can be measured.

Increase in carbon dioxide, decrease in oxygen, and increase in biomass.

200
Compare and contrast condensation and hydrolysis reactions.
Condensation (dehydration) - build polymer, loss of water Hydrolysis - break a polymer into monomers, gain of water
200
Explain the significance of complementary base pairing.
The conservation of base sequence of DNA. DNA must be replicated identically.
200

Give the two types of transport short in the image.

diffusion, facilitated diffusion

200
Where does transcription and translation take place?
transcription - nucleus translation - cytoplasm
300

List the products of alcoholic fermentation (yeast).

carbon dioxide and ethanol

300

Name a difference in function between cellulose and starch

Cellulose is structural and starch is for storage

300

Which direction does DNA replication go?

5'-3'

300

Compare and contrast the effect of hypertonic and hypotonic solutions on animal cells. (3)

Hypertonic-cells shrink and Hypotonic-cells burst

Both involve osmosis

Both change shape of cells

300
Explain the role of tRNA.
tRNA has anticodons that bind to the codons. tRNA also carries a specific amino acid.
400
Outline the differences in absorption of red, blue, and green light by chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll is a green pigment therefore reflects green light. This means that chlorophyll absorbs other wavelengths of the visible light spectrum like the red and blue wavelengths of energy.
400
Explain the effect of temperature on enzyme activity.
Enzymes work at optimal temperature. Generally, as temperature increases, enzyme activity increases. However, when the temperature becomes to extreme for the enzyme, the enzyme will denature and the activity will halt.
400

List the enzymes involved in DNA replication and their role.

Helicase - unwinds the DNA DNA polymerase - adds complementary bases to template strand 

400

Characteristics that would make membrane more fluid

presence of cholesterol, bent phospholipid tails

400
Explain the E site of a ribosome.
E site is the site from which the tRNA that has lost its amino acid is discharged.
500

Describe glycolysis and the link reaction

Glycolysis-occurs in cytoplasm, glucose is broken into pyruvate, phosphorylation of glucose happens here

Link reaction-occurs in matrix of mitochondria, Acetyl coenzyme A is a product, oxidative decarboxylation happens here

500
State four functions of proteins, giving a named example of each.
1. Transporter - haemoglobin 2. Muscle movement (contraction) in animals - actin and myosin 3. Act as hormones - insulin 4. Antibodies - immunoglobulins 5. Enzymes - amylase
500

Explain what is meant by semi-conservative.

One side of the DNA is old and one side is new. 

500

Draw a membrane and show me:

integral protein, phospholipid, glycoprotein, peripheral protein

Remember, the glycoprotein is the little antenna plus the protein

500

Translation involves several phases. Explain each of these.

Initiation: a start codon on mRNA for the tRNA to read and bind to with the anticodon to start the process of translation. Elongation: involves tRNA bringing amino acids to mRNA. Termination: One of the three stop codons appears signaling the tRNA to stop the process and leave.

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