Organelles
Macromolecules
Transport
Chemical Elements
and
Water
Transcription
and
Translation
100
Which organelle packages and sorts products to where they are needed?
Golgi Body
100
Draw an amino acid.
Refer to review packet
100
List the four nucleotides and state the base-pairing rule.
Passive and active transport
100
List the four main elements found in living organisms.
Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Carbon, and Oxygen
100
Compare the structure of RNA and DNA.
DNA - 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose); has 4 nitrogenous bases (C, G, T, A); double stranded molecule RNA - 5 carbon sugar (ribose); has 4 nitrogenous bases (C, G, U, A); single stranded molecule
200
What organelle stores food, water, enzymes and other material needed by the cell?
Vacuole
200
Compare and contrast condensation and hydrolysis reactions.
Condensation (dehydration) - build polymer, loss of water Hydrolysis - break a polymer into monomers, gain of water
200
What structure is selectively permeable in the cell?
the cell membrane
200
State one function for each of the four main elements in organisms.
Nitrogen - found on amino acids; some others Hydrogen - makes up many macromolecules; H-bonding to hold molecules together; some others Carbon - makes up many macromolecules Oxygen - makes up many macromolecules
200
Where does transcription and translation take place?
transcription - nucleus translation - cytoplasm
300
Which cell organelle builds proteins by putting together long chains of amino acids?
Ribosomes
300
Name a difference in structure between glucose and ribose.
glucose is a hexagon shape and ribose is a pentagon shape
300
What specific type of transport does oxygen and carbon dioxide use to move across the membrane?
diffusion
300
Outline the thermal properties of water and how it is used as a coolant in living organisms.
Water has high specific heat. All living things are composed of water and thus act as a temperature stabilizer. Sweating as a coolant.
300
Explain the role of tRNA.
tRNA has anticodons that bind to the codons. tRNA also carries a specific amino acid.
400
Which Cell organelle digest worn out organelles, food particles, viruses and bacteria?
lysosomes
400
Explain the effect of temperature on enzyme activity.
Enzymes work at optimal temperature. Generally, as temperature increases, enzyme activity increases. However, when the temperature becomes to extreme for the enzyme, the enzyme will denature and the activity will halt.
400
What is the movement of water called?
Osmosis
400
Outline the cohesive property of water and describe where this is seen.
Cohesion - the ability of water molecules to "stick" together. This is seen in trees to bring water up from the roots into the tree. (Also adhesion - the ability of water to stick to something else.) Also water's surface tension that allows some organisms to walk on water.
400
Explain the E site of a ribosome.
E site is the site from which the tRNA that has lost its amino acid is discharged.
500
Synthesises and processes lipids
SER
500
State four functions of proteins, giving a named example of each.
1. Transporter - haemoglobin 2. Muscle movement (contraction) in animals - actin and myosin 3. Act as hormones - insulin 4. Antibodies - immunoglobulins 5. Enzymes - amylase
500
What type of active transport engulfs the food and brings it into the cell?
Endocytosis
500
Outline the solvent properties of water and its uses in living organisms as a medium for metabolic reactions.
Water is an excellent solvent of other polar molecules. Most macromolecules are polar and water can break these down to enter the cell. Water is also an excellent medium. Blood is most common transport medium in animals; blood is mainly made up of water. Blood is a transport for red blood cells, white blood cells, and variety of dissolved molecules.
500
Translation involves several phases: initiation, elongation, translocation, and termination. Explain each of these.
Initiation: a start codon on mRNA for the tRNA to read and bind to with the anticodon to start the process of translation. Elongation: involves tRNA bringing amino acids to mRNA. Translocation: Movement if tRNA from A site, to P site, to E site. The amino acid is added to the growing polypeptide chain by peptide bond. Termination: One of the three stop codons appears signaling the tRNA to stop the process and leave.
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