Concepts
A limitation in objective thinking; it is a tendency to perceive information through a cognitive filter of experience and preference
Bias
Types include internal and external, construct, and ecological
Validity
Give an account of similarities and differences between two (or more) items or situations, referring to both (all) of them throughout.
Compare and Contrast
Which research method manipulates an independent variable to test a dependent variable?
Experiment
Explain one way bias could affect findings in research on memory
ex: researcher/participant bias may distort results, e.g., leading questions influence recall.
The relationship between variables with the goal of determining cause-and-effect relationships
Causality
Types include researcher , participant, sampling , confirmation, and publication
Types of Bias
Offer a considered and balanced review that includes a range of arguments, factors or hypotheses
Discuss
Which type of validity asks whether results apply to real life?
Ecological Validity
How could responsibility be applied when designing a study on stress?
ex: reesearcher must protect participants from harm, debrief fully, consider ethics.)
Varies according to the context in which it is applied and the theory underlying its use. Psychologists must select appropriate methods for studying and collecting data relevant to the behaviour studied.
Measurement
Argues behaviour is shaped by genetics, brain structure, neurochemistry and hormones
Biological determinism
Give a detailed account including reasons or causes
Explain
Why can correlation not prove causation?
It doesn’t control variables / no manipulation of IV)
Why is causality hard to prove in natural experiments?
ex: no control over variables; results may be influenced by confounds
This concept is a constant in the human experience and can be gradual or sudden and deliberate or unexpected
Change
Turning abstract concepts into measurable observations
Operalization of Variables
Use knowledge and understanding to recognize trends and draw conclusions from given information.
Interpret
Using multiple datasets, methods, theories, and/or investigators to address a research question.
Triangulation
Why is researcher reflexivity important in research?
Ex: Helps reduce researcher bias and misinterpretation
Approaches based on a series of assumptions about behaviour and beliefs about research
Perspective
Seeks to understand behaviour within its cultural or situational context.
Relativism
Consider the merits or otherwise of an argument or concept. Opinions and conclusions should be presented clearly and supported with appropriate evidence and sound argument
To what extent?
Which level of data has equal intervals and a true zero, like reaction time in seconds?
Ratio
Why is replication important in psychological research?
ex: consistency of results builds reliability and trust in findings