Biological Approach
This brain imaging technique was used in Maguire et al. (2000) to show structural differences in the hippocampus of London taxi drivers, supporting the role of the hippocampus in spatial memory.
What is MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)?
This concept refers to mental frameworks that help organize and interpret information based on past experience and cultural background.
What is a cognitive schema?
This theory explains how we define ourselves by group membership and tend to favor our in-group over out-groups.
What is Social Identity Theory?
This ethical principle ensures that participants are told about the nature, purpose, and procedures of the research before agreeing to take part.
What is informed consent?
This type of validity refers to how well the study environment and procedures reflect real-life situations
What is ecological validity?
This neurotransmitter was manipulated using the antagonist scopolamine in Antonova et al. (2011) to study its role in encoding spatial memory.
What is acetylcholine?
This model explains how humans use both fast, automatic thinking and slower, more deliberate thinking when making decisions.
What is the Dual Process Model of Thinking?
This theory suggests people learn behavior by observing and imitating models, especially if the model is rewarded.
What is Social Cognitive Theory?
This term refers to the participant’s ability to leave a study at any time without penalty or pressure.
What is the right to withdraw?
This type of bias can occur when the researcher's expectations influence the outcome or interpretation of a study.
What is researcher bias?
This process involves the weakening or elimination of unused synaptic connections and is considered a form of neuroplasticity.
What is neural pruning?
This type of memory suggests that recalling past events is not a perfect replay but rather an active process shaped by schemas and expectations.
What is reconstructive memory?
This refers to the process of forming generalized beliefs about groups, which can influence behavior even without personal experience.
What is stereotype formation?
This ethical issue arises when researchers mislead participants about the true purpose of a study to avoid demand characteristics.
What is deception?
This research strategy involves combining multiple methods or data sources to increase credibility.
What is triangulation?
This study found that individuals with a short allele of the 5-HTT gene were more likely to develop depression after experiencing stressful life events, suggesting a gene-environment interaction.
What is Caspi et al. (2003)?
This bias occurs when the way information is presented (e.g., as a gain or a loss) influences decision-making, even when outcomes are objectively the same.
What is the framing effect?
This cultural dimension emphasizes personal achievement, autonomy, and individual rights over group goals and community belonging.
What is individualism?
This principle requires researchers to protect participants from physical and psychological harm during and after the study.
What is protection from harm?
In an independent measures design, this technique helps ensure that participant differences don’t confound results.
What is random allocation?
This study found that males took more physical risks when observed by an attractive female, offering an evolutionary explanation for risk-taking behaviour.
What is Ronay and von Hippel (2010)?
This study on flashbulb memory showed that emotion can enhance the vividness and confidence of a memory, even if accuracy is not improved.
What is the Brown and Kulik flashbulb memory study?
This process describes how individuals adapt to a new culture, which may involve assimilating or integrating aspects of it.
What is acculturation?
This principle ensures that researchers do not share personal data or reveal participant identities without permission.
What is confidentiality?
This experimental design uses the same participants in all conditions of the experiment.
What is a repeated measures design?