Nervous System
These two structures make up the central nervous system.
What are the brain and spinal cord?
These blood vessels carry oxygen and nutrient rich blood to the the body
What are arteries?
This type of feedback loop detects a change and works to reverse it.
What is negative feedback loop?
This hormone increases heart rate and blood pressure during stress.
What is epinephrine?
What are the branches off the trachea that lead into the lungs
What are the bronchi?
These receptors allow the body to sense its position and movement, critical in sports and balance.
What are proprioceptors?
This type of blood cell is responsible for fighting bacteria and viruses within the body
What are White Blood Cells?
These receptors detect changing CO₂ levels and send signals to adjust breathing.
What are chemoreceptors?
Name the branch of the nervous system that triggers the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine.
What is the sympathetic nervous system?
What type of blood vessels surround the tiny air sacs within the lungs to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide
What are capillaries?
This nervous system branch controls voluntary movements like lifting an arm or kicking a ball.
What is the somatic nervous system?
The amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each beat.
What is stroke volume (SV)?
This part of the brain acts as the main control center for homeostasis, especially temperature and autonomic functions.
What is the hypothalamus?
This hormone raises blood sugar by releasing stored glucose.
What is glucagon?
Training at altitude can simulate this hormone that increases red blood cell count and thus oxygenation.
Sympathetic activation redirects blood flow away from digestion toward these areas.
→ What are the muscles (and skin during heat stress)?
This blood pressure number changes very little during steady aerobic exercise.
What is diastolic pressure?
When cold, the body reduces heat loss by narrowing blood vessels near the skin. Name this process.
What is vasoconstriction?
This hormone helps the body rely more on fats, preserving stored energy during exercise.
What is estrogen?
Forced expiration requires the contraction of these muscle groups (2).
What are the intercostals and abdominal muscles?
This neuron in the reflex arc carries the response signal away from the spinal cord to the muscles or glands.
What is a motor (efferent) neuron?
Elite endurance athletes often have very low resting heart rates (40–50 bpm) because of this long-term cardiovascular change.
What is increased stroke volume?
What is increased cardiac efficiency?
What is increased muscle mass in the left ventricle?
This term refers to the heart’s built-in ability to beat independently, without brain input.
What is intrinsic control/response?
or
What is myogenic contraction?
When you're dehydrated, ADH levels do this.
What is increase?
This volume cannot be voluntarily expelled from the lungs.
What is residual volume?