Electrons are sooo negative
Place where electrons are found in atoms.
What is an atomic orbital?
The acid that is produced from CO2 in water.
What is carbonic acid (H2CO3)?
Define activation energy (Ea).
minimum energy that colliding particles need in order to have a reaction.
Under what conditions does a gas behave most like an ideal gas?
High temperature, low pressure
Think: summer vacation
Minimum energy to remove 1 mole of electrons from 1 mole of gaseous atoms in their ground state.
What is the ionization energy?
According to Collision theory, what 2 things are needed for successful collision between reactant particles?
sufficient energy and proper orientation.
How do catalysts increase the rate of reaction?
Bonus +50: What are biological catalysts called?
By lowering the activation energy through an alternative pathway.
Enzymes are biological catalysts
What is equation for the combined gas law?
P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2
The base in the Bronsted-Lowry Theory
What is the H+ acceptor
No more than two electrons can occupy the same orbital and if two electrons are in the same orbital, they will have opposite spin
What is the Pauli Exclusion Principle?
What are the products of incomplete combustion?
Bonus (+50): What are the health hazards of the products of incomplete combustion?
Carbon monoxide (CO) and soot (C)
CO + H2O
C + H2O
Bonus: headache, nausea, dizziness, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory illnesses
The amount of heat energy added when the temperature of 2.0g sample of aluminum increases from 25 degrees celsius to 30 degrees celsius given that the specific heat capacity of aluminum is .90 J/gK
What is 9.0 J
22.7 dm3/mol
Identify the A,B, CA, CB in the reaction: HNO3 + H2SO4 => H2NO3^+1 +HSO4^-1
B + A => CA + CB
The abbreviated electron configuration for a ground state atom of Chromium (Cr).
[Ar] 4s1 3d5
What is acid rain and what causes it?
Acid rain is rain with a lower pH than normal rain. It is caused by high levels of nitric and sulfuric acids, typically caused by human emissions.
Why do calorimetry experiments typically measure a smaller change in temperature than is expected from theoretical values?
Some heat is lost to the surroundings rather than being absorbed by the water or solution, so the measured temperature change is smaller.
The calorimeter itself (cup, thermometer) absorbs some heat, which is usually not accounted for in calculations.
incomplete combustion
A child has a toy balloon with a volume of 1.80 dm3. The temperature of the balloon when it was filled was 20° C and the pressure was 1.00 atm. If the child were to let go of the balloon and it rose 3 kilometers into the sky where the pressure is 0.667 atm and the temperature is -10° C, what would the new volume of the balloon be?
2.42 dm3
Name 3 amphoteric species
H2O, HCO3-, HSO4-, H2PO4-, NH3, AMINO ACIDS!
Why does ionization energy increase across a period?
Because effective nuclear charge increases.
Which combination of ΔH1, ΔH2, and ΔH3 would give the enthalpy of the reaction?
CS2 (l) + 3O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2SO2 (g)
ΔH1 C (s) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g)
ΔH2 S (s) + O2 (g) → SO2 (g)
ΔH3 C (s) + 2S (s) → CS2 (l)
ΔH = ΔH1 + 2(ΔH2) − ΔH3
Construct two Maxwell–Boltzmann energy distribution curves (where T1 < T2) to explain the effect of temperature on the probability of successful collisions.
x-axis: KE
y-axis: # of molecules
Both curves begin at origin. Warmer sample T2's peak is lower and to the right and ends above the colder sample T1.
Increased temp. increases proportion of molecules with E > Ea.
The Kinetic-Molecular Theory (KMT) explains the behavior of ideal gases through five core assumptions: What are they?
Explain the difference between a concentrated acid and a strong acid.
A strong acid refers to an acid that 100% dissociates into ions in water, while a concentrated acid refers to a high ratio of acid solute to solvent (water).
Strength indicates the % of ionization, whereas concentration indicates the amount of acid present. Weak acids can be concentrated.