Cells & Microscopes
The fundamental structural unit of all living organisms.
What is a cell?
This organelle contains DNA and separates genetic material from the cytoplasm.
What is the nucleus?
The fundamental structure of all cell membranes.
What is the lipid bilayer made of phospholipids?
The universal biological solvent.
What is water?
The process by which new cells are generated.
What is cell division/mitosis?
This type of microscope was a major development and improved resolution and magnification.
What is electron microscopy?
The term for cells that have not yet specialized.
What are stem cells?
The term for the movement of molecules from high to low concentration without energy.
What is simple diffusion?
The movement of water across membranes from a less concentrated to a more concentrated solution.
What is osmosis?
The process of cytoplasm splitting between daughter cells.
What is cytokinesis?
A key structural difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
What is the presence of compartments (ex: nucleus) in eukaryotic cells?
How differentiation leads to specialized cell functions.
What is gene expression determines structure and function?
The function of aquaporins in membranes.
What is facilitating the movement of water by osmosis?
The effect of a hypertonic solution on plant cells.
What is plasmolysis/loses water (cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall)?
The phase of mitosis where sister chromatids separate.
What is anaphase?
Why surface area-to-volume ratio limits cell size.
What is smaller cells can exchange materials more efficiently?
The advantage of having membrane-bound organelles in the cytoplasm.
What is compartmentalization for efficiency?
The type of membrane protein that actively moves substances against a concentration gradient.
What is a pump protein?
The effect of a hypotonic solution on animal cells.
What is lysis (cell bursts due to water influx)?
The purpose of mitosis in eukaryotic organisms.
What is growth, repair, and asexual reproduction?
A type of atypical eukaryotic cell structure that does not fit the typical animal, plant, or fungal models.
What is a red blood cell (lacks a nucleus) or a striated muscle cell (multinucleated)?
The difference between totipotent and pluripotent stem cells.
What is totipotent can develop into ANY cell type, while pluripotent can develop into MOST cell types?
The model describing the dynamic and flexible nature of cell membranes.
What is the fluid mosaic model?
The medical use of isotonic solutions.
What is preventing osmotic damage to cells, such as in IV fluids?
The term for an error in chromosome separation that can lead to trisomy 21.
What is non-disjunction?