Research Methods
What research method was used by Glanzer & Cunitz?
A true experiment
According to the Working Memory Model, what are the two principal stores for short-term memory?
The phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad
Research carried out by McGaugh & Cahill found that which hormone may be responsible for creating emotional memories?
Adrenaline. When they used a beta-blocker, emotional arousal did not lead to the same level of recall of a set of slides.
This model of human cognition postulates that decision-making can be described as a function of both an intuitive, experiential, affective system (System I) and/or an analytical, rational system (System II).
Dual-Process Model
Maguire compared the brains of taxi drivers and non-taxi drivers using which research method?
Quasi-experiment
According to Atkinson & Schiffrin, how do we transfer information from STM to LTM?
By rehearsal
This type of memory includes contextual information about experienced events, including how things looked, sounded, and smelled, as well as the emotions that were experienced.
Episodic Memory
A cognitive bias where an individual depends too heavily on an initial piece of information offered when making decisions.
Anchoring Bias
The belief that people are using the internet as a personal memory bank.
Google Effect
Tversky & Kahnehman allocated participants into either the ascending or descending condition. What type of experimental design is this?
Independent Measures Design
What is one thing that schema theory can explain that Atkinson & Shiffrin’s Working Memory Model cannot?
Memory distortion
What are the two factors that psychologists argue are necessary to create a flashbulb memory?
Surprise and personal relevance
Cognitive bias in which individuals make decisions based on whether options are framed as gains and losses
Framing effect
Social media can cater to this form of bias because algorithms use your data to feed you similar information.
Confirmation bias
Sharot’s study had a high control over extraneous variables. What type of validity is this?
Internal validity
Name one study that supports the theory there that STM and LTM are located in different memory stores
Glanzer & Cunitz or HM Case Study
The term Loftus gives to when a person's recall of episodic memories becomes less accurate because of post-event information
Misinformation effect
A mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to mind when making a decision.
Availability Heuristic
A form of memory that focuses on how and where to access information so that you do not have to actually store the information in your brain.
Transactive Memory
Much of the research on Flashbulb memory is done on Western samples. What type of validity is lacking?
Cross-cultural validity or Population validity
What phenomenon does Baddeley & Hitch’s Working Memory Model explain, which neither schema theory nor Atkinson & Shiffrin’s model can?
Multi-tasking. Baddeley & Hitch’s model has different short-term memory stores.
A theory of memory recall, in which the act of remembering is influenced by other cognitive processes including perception, past experience, imagination, and beliefs.
Reconstructive Memory
Tendency to only pay attention to information that confirms one's prior beliefs
Confirmation bias
Name one study that supports the idea that technology has a negative effect on cognitive processing
Mueller & Oppenheimer (2014)
Sparrow et al. (2011)
Barr et al. (2015)