What is Development
What is development
What is genomic equivalence?
The ability of the genome/sum total of all genetic DNA to give rise to any kind of cell in the body because the cells do not become different by permanently changing genome (Like knocking out genes for example)
What is your favorite model organism?
Any as long as it was mentioned in lecture.
name all the cell-to-cell interactions and give at least 2 examples of cellular responses in response to induction.
paracrine, juxtacrine/cell-to-cell, and endocrine.
1. change in gene expression.
2. Change in cell cycle
3. An effect on Cell Movement
4. cell shape
5. Induction
Who was powell cat?
A cat that used to roam around campus and was loved by many bruins before passing away?
What are the two disciplines of development and how do they differ?
Preformation and epigenesis. The former assumes that a person is inside of the sperm and simply grows in size. The latter assumes that the zygote starts simple but becomes more complex over time.
What type of experiments demonstrated the theory of genomic equivalence? (double points if explain why they demonstrate genomic equivalence?)
Blastomere isolation, nuclear transplantation, and iPScs
Which mammal has the most similar pattern of development to humans
mouse
Define Induction
A cell - to -cell interaction whose cellular response is a permanent commitment to a particular kind of cell; e.i., an eye cell.
Give a fun fact about your TA
depends
What is does development involve aka what do cells need to do for development to occur?
Differentiation and proliferation.
What are the two types of ways to experimentally visualize differential gene expression?
In Situ Hybridization and using immunostaining/fluorescence
Which animal has a transparent body that makes it easier to follow the development of different structures?
Zebra fish
what do fate maps tell us?
The types of cells/structures that blastomeres normally give rise to.
What is the name of the process of generating increasing complexity by the action of different genes in different cells?
Embryogenesis
What is significant about using IPS cells to demonstrate nuclear equivalence as opposed to transplanting nuclei from adult cells into enucleated fertilized eggs?
Forced the expression of genes which suggests that is what explains the nuclear transplantation experiments.
Which animal do we know the most about because they are really good for overexpressing, underexpressing, and other genetic screens?
Drosophila melanogaster
What is the difference between differentiation and determination.
Diff. = not permanent change in gene expression or cell-type lineage
determination = permanent change in gene expression or cell-type lineage
What are the two main processes for embryogenesis?
1. Nuclear/Cytoplasmic determinants
2. Sequential induction by cell-cell interaction
What does totipotency have to do with demonstrating genomic equivalence
Totipotency is the ability of a cell to give rise to all parts of the organism. It has the most developmental potential.
If you can take any nucleus from a cell with later developmental potential and make behave as if it has a higher developmental potential then you are demonstrating that all nuclei in the body contain the program to give rise to every cell in the body.
It is like each cell have the same book of instructions but different cells only read certain chapters over time. So you prove that you can use the book to make a cell read different chapters.
Which non-mammal has the most similar development to humans?
chicken
Draw an example of sequential induction on the board
see slide 36 of lecture 1