Hardware
This is the physical part of a computer that does the work of the system
Hardware
This term describes lines of code that tell the computer how to work
Software
The user interacts with the system through this component, which includes things like File Explorer or Command Prompt
User Interface
This system translates human-friendly domain names into IP addresses
Domain Name System (DNS)
This triad defines the core goals of information security: confidentiality, integrity, and availability
CIA Triad
Known as the “brains” of the computer, this component carries out program instructions
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
This software layer manages communication between hardware and user applications
Operating System
The OS uses this area of memory to temporarily store running applications and data
RAM
This protocol automatically assigns IP addresses to devices on a network
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
This converts data into an unreadable format until decrypted
Encryption
All computer components communicate through this circuit board “highway.”
Motherboard
Software that allows an OS and a device to communicate with each other
Drivers
This process begins when the computer is powered on, performing diagnostics and loading the OS
The Boot Process
In this network model, every computer can act as both a client and a server
Peer-to-Peer
This ensures transmitted data has not been altered in transit
Integrity (or hashing)
This fast, volatile memory temporarily holds data while the computer is on
RAM
This permanent storage contains programs essential for the computer to boot and operate
ROM
This OS security feature ensures that only authorized persons can access certain files or programs
Access Control (permissions)
This network service manages permissions and user access to network resources
Active Directory Domain Service (ADDS)
A concept ensuring someone cannot deny sending a message
Nonrepudiation
This type of drive uses flash memory chips, consumes less power, and costs more
Solid State Drive
This fundamental OS component manages core processes and system calls at the lowest level
Kernel
The Windows file system that supports encryption, compression, and large files up to 16 TB
NTFS (New Technology File System)
This logical ADDS structure groups related users, groups, and computers within a domain
Organizational Unit (OU)
This U.S. law gives the public the right to request federal records unless exempted
Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)