Combustion, Heat, & Energy
What is the difference between kinetic energy and potential energy?
Kinetic energy is the energy of motion, while potential energy is based on position or condition.
What are the three subatomic particles that make up an atom?
Protons, Neutrons, and electrons
Which block of the periodic table includes the transition metals?
d-Block
how do ionic compounds form
nonmetal and metal
what is the term used to describe the charges of ions when they form?
cations
How does the law of conservation of energy apply to different types of reactions, such as combustion?
The law of conservation of energy states that energy is neither created nor destroyed, only transferred or transformed. In combustion, chemical energy becomes heat and light.
what is the term for the central part of an atom that contains protons and neutrons?
The nucleus
How many Valence electrons does an element in group 15 have?
5 valence electrons
what is the octet rule in chemistry?
The atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons
What do subscripts represent in chemical formulas?
Number of atoms
Explain the concepts of exothermic and endothermic reactions and provide an example of each.
Exothermic reactions release energy, like gasoline combustion. Endothermic reactions absorb energy, like photosynthesis.
Isotopes
This size describes the size of an atom
Atomic radii
What is the difference between a polar covalent bond and a non-polar covalent bond?
Nonpolar covalent bonds are a type of chemical bond where two atoms share a pair of electrons with each other. Polar covalent bonding is a type of chemical bond where a pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms.
define poly atomic ions
an ion that contains more than one atom.
Describe the three methods of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation.
Heat transfer methods: conduction (direct contact), convection (fluid movement), radiation (electromagnetic waves).
Electron configuration
which trend refers to the energy required to remove an electron from an atom?
ionization energy
how do single, double, and triple bonds differ in terms of the number of shared electrons?
Single bonds share 1 electrons, double bonds share 2 pairs of electrons and triple bonds share three pairs of electrons.
What is the purpose of using charges to "criss-cross" when writing ionic formulas?
The numerical value of each of the ion charges is crossed over to become the subscript of the other ion.
How do tectonic movements relate to the occurrence of earthquakes, geysers, and volcanoes?
Tectonic movements cause earthquakes, volcanoes, and geysers by shifting Earth's plates and releasing energy.
What is the name of the model that describes electrons in an atom as existing in specific energy levels and orbitals?
Bohr's Model
Which trend describes the energy change when an atom gains an electron?
electron affinity
what is the relationship between the solubility and conductivity of a substance?
the solubility of a substance refers to its ability to dissolve in a particular solvent, while conductivity refers to its ability to conduct electricity.
How are prefixes used in covalent naming?
prefixes indicate the number of atoms of each element in a molecule