FARs
Approach
Arrival/Departure
Weather
Instruments
100
What are the fuel requirements for IFR flight? 91.167
Fuel from departure airport to the destination airport plus flight to the alternate (if required), plus 45 minutes of fuel at normal cruise
100
A GPS approach to LPV minimums is not considered a precision approach. What is it classified as? *Hint: it's not non-precision
It is classified as an APV, APproach with Vertical guidance. It has a glide slope but does not meet the ICAO precision approach standards
100
When does an alternate need to be filed?
An alternate should always be filed unless from 1 hour before to 1 hour after the ETA, the weather at the destination is 2000' ceilings and 3 sm of visibility
100
What must the ceilings and visibility be for the airport to be considered IFR?
Ceilings less than 1000' AND/OR visibility less than 3 SM
100
What are the two principles of a gyroscope?
Rigidity in space and precession
200
Recency requirements to act as PIC under IFR 61.57c
Within the previous 6 months: - 6 instrument approaches - Holding procedures - Intercept and track navigational courses After 6 months: - Must comlplete the 6 HITS - A safety pilot must be present with a current medical and at least a PVT pilot certificate, with appropriate category and class ratings After 12 months: - An instrument proficiency check must be performed by a CFII, DPE, or authorized person
200
What are the four components of the ILS?
Localizer Glide Slope Marker Beacon Approach light system
200
Define the following: DA/DH MDA MEA MOCA MORA MRA OROCA MVA MAA
DA/DH = Decision altitude/height MDA = Minimum Decision Altitude MEA = Minimum En Route Altitude MOCA = Minimum Obstruction Clearance Altitude MORA = Minimum Off-Route Altitude MRA = Minimum Reception Altitude OROCA = Off-Route Obstruction Clearance Altitude MVA = Minimum Vectoring Altitude MAA = Maximum Authorized Altitude
200
What are the three conditions necessary for the formation of thunderstorms?
1. Suficient water vapor (Humidity) 2. An unstable temperature lapse rate 3. An initial ulifting force (EX: front passage, mountains, heating from below, etc)
200
In a standard 6-pack instrument panel (not the glass cockpit), what are the gyroscopic instruments?
Attitude indicator Heading indicator Turn Coordinator
300
Lost comm procedures for altitude and route 91.185
Altitude: MEA - fly the highest among M - Minimum altitude prescribed for IFR E - Expected (example: "expect 5000' after 10min) A - Assigned, the last assigned by ATC Route: AVEF - in order A - Assigned route, if none; V - Vectored, if none; E - Expected, if none; F - Filed route
300
Explain the difference between a contact approach and a visual approach. What are the minimum weather requirements for both?
Contact Approach: - Cannot be initiated by ATC, but can be requested by the pilot to expedite arrival instead of the published procedure if the following is met: - The airport has a standard or special instrument approach procedure - Reported ground visibility is at least one mile - You can remain clear of clouds with one mile flight visibility Visual Approach: - Can be initiated by ATC or - ATC must ensure that you have the airport or the preceding aircraft in sight - Is authorized when ceiling is reported to be at least 1000' AGL and 3 miles of visibility, and you can remain clear of the clouds at all times
300
What is the equation to calculate FPM to FPNM?
FPM = Ground Speed/60 x FPNM
300
Decode the following examples from the Winds and Temps aloft forecasts: 6000' 12000' 24000' 9900 1312+05 752202
6000' Winds calm 12000' Winds 130 at 12 kts, temp is +05 degrees C 24000' Winds 250 at 122kts, temp is -02 degrees C -Temps are always negative above FL240 -When the winds are above 100kts, 5 is added to the first digit of the wind direction
300
What are the six magnetic compass errors/limitations?
1. Deviation 2. Variation 3. Magnetic Dip 4. Oscillation 5. North/South turn errors 6. Acceleration/Deceleration errors
400
Required instruments for IFR flight 91.205
VFR Day: A - Anti-Collision Lights T - Tachometer O - Oil pressure gauge M - Mag compass A - Airspeed indicator T - Temp gauge O - Oil temp gauge F - Fuel gauges L - Landing gear position lights A - Altimeter M - Manifold Pressure Gauge E - ELT S - Seat Belts VFR night: F - Fuses L - Landing light A - Anti-collision lights P - Position lights S - Source of power IFR: G - Generator/Alternator R - Radio 2-way A - Altimiter B - Ball C - Clock A - Attitude indicator R - Rate of turn indicator D - Directional Gyro D - DME above 24,000'
400
What is the VDP and how is it calculated?
The VDP (Visual Descent Point) is the point at which, if the runway environment is not yet in sight, it is highly unlikely that a descent to landing using normal maneuvers can be made. Calculations: HAT (MDA-TDZE)/300 EX: 900/300=3NM DME is the VDP
400
What is the purpose of a Standard Terminal Arrival Route (STAR)? What phrase is ATC REQUIRED to say in order for you to follow the altitudes along the STAR? What must you as the pilot have on board in order to fly a STAR? How would you avoid receiving a STAR?
1.The purpose is to simplify clearance delivery procedures and facilitate transition between en route and instrument approach procedures 2. ATC is require to say "descend via" in order for the pilot to vertically and laterally navigate on a STAR 3.The pilot must have on board at least the textual description of the STAR, but should have the chart as well 4. Put "no STARs" in your flight plan
400
**AIRMETS/SIGMETS** What are the different types of AIRMETS? How long are they valid for? What are SIGMETS? How long are they valid for? What are CONVECTIVE SIGMETS? How long are they valid for?
AIRMETS - Tango - Mod Turbulence, surface winds greater than 30kts, and/or LLWS - Zulu - Mod icing, freezing levels - Sierra - IFR conditions and MTN obscurations Valid 6 hours SIGMETS - Advises of non-convective weather potentially hazardous to all types of aircraft - Valid 4 hours CONVECTIVE SIGMETS - Advisory of convective weather significant to all aircraft. Always implies severe or greater turbulence, severe icing or LLWS - Valid 2 hours
400
What are the main differences between a heading indicator, HSI, and RMI?
- Heading indicator - must be set to the appropriate heading by referencing a magnetic compass. Should be checked continuously throughout the flight to ensure it matches the mag compass - HSI (Horizontal Situation Indicator) - a direction indicator which combines the mag compass with nav signals and a glide slope. All of this gives and indication of location with relationship to the course chosen - RMI - A typical system consists of an HSI, a slaving control and compensator unit. Has a push button means of selecting either slaved of free gyro mode.
500
When can you descend below MDA/DA? 91.175
All three conditions must be met: 1. The aircraft is coninuously in a position from which a descent to landing on the intended runway can be made at a normal rate of descent using normal maneuvers. 2. The flight visibility is not less than the visibility prescribed in the standard instrument aproach being used. 3. At least one of the following visual references for the intended runway is distinctly visible and identifiable to the pilot: - The approach light system, except you may descend below 100' above the touchdown zone only if the red terminating bars or red side row bars are also visible and identifiable - The threshold, its markings, or its lights - The Runway, its markings, or its lights - The touchdown zone, its markings, or its lights - The visual slope indicator - The runway end identifier lights
500
How many different approaches are considered precision? What are they? How many different approaches are considered non-precision? What are they?
Precision approaches: 5 total - ILS = Instrument landing system - MLS = Microwave landing system - PAR = Precision approach radar - GLS = GNSS landing system - TLS = Transponder landing system Non-Precision approaches: 10 total - VOR = VHF Omni-directional range - NDB = Non-Directional Beacon - RNAV/GNSS (LNAV minimums) - LOC = Localizer - LDA = Localizer-type directional aid (identical to LOC but not aligned with the runway) - SDF = Simplified directional facility - ASR = Approach surveillance radar - Contact Approach - Visual Approach - Circling Approach
500
**Pull up the KRAL Departure Procedure** Describe how you would fly this departure if you were departing from RWY 09 What would the hold entry be?
Climb HDG 089 to 1700 then climbing right turn HDG 210 to intercept the PDZ VORTAC radial-093 to the PDZ VORTAC, then aircraft departing PDZ VORTAC Radial-091 clockwise to Radial-140 and Radial-231 clockwise to Radial-280 climb on course. All other aircraft climb in holding pattern (Hold NE, right turns, 210 inbound) to cross the PDZ VORTAC at or above; Radial-321 clockwise to Radial-340 7800; all others 7200 or airway MEA. Hold entry would be Direct
500
What is the definition of Fog? What are the five different types of fog and how do they form?
- A cloud that begins within 50ft of the ground/surface five different types: - Radiation fog - occurs on calm clear nights when the ground cools rapidly due to the release of ground radiation - Advection fog - warm, moist air moves over a cold surface. Winds are required for advection fog to form - Ice fog - forms when the temp is far below freezing and water vapor turns directly into ice crystals. - Upslope fog - moist, stable air is forced up a terrain slope and cooled down to its dew point by adiabatic cooling - Steam fog - cold, dry air moves over warm water. Moisture is added to the air mass and steam fog forms
500
The GPS system is composed of three major segments, what are they?
- The Space Segment - Composed of a constellation of 24 satellites approx 11,000 NM above the Earth - The Control Segment - Consists of a master control station, 5 monitoring stations, and 3 ground antennas - The User Segment - Consists of all components associated with the GPS receiver
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