Thorax
What is the key difference between myocardial contractile cells and autorhythmic cells? (specifically membrane potentials)
Myocardial contractile cells have a stable resting membrane potential of about –90 mV, while autorhythmic cells have an unstable pacemaker potential of about –60 mV.
With metabolism, if I am in a fasting state, I have an increase in which pancreatic hormones?
increase in glucagon
Anterior and posterior pelvic tilt occur in which anatomical plane?
Sagittal plane
What muscle is essential in maintaining of fecal contenence (incotineance)?
Puborectalis
A drop in blood pressure triggers what?
Release of renin from the kidneys
What are 3 factors that would influence the resistance of blood flow?
-Diameter (larger =faster)
- Length (how far it has to travel)
-Viscosity of fluid (How thick is the fluid
When resistance increases, flow decreases
When resistance decreases, flow increases
What artery supplies the rest of the colon when the main supplier isn't working?
Marginal a.
What are the musculoskeletal and postural changes in the pelvis during pregnancy?
- Displacement of the center of mass
- Increased lumbar lordosis
- Changes in gait
- Changes in muscle performance (increase ligament laxity)
Primary muscles during forced expiration?
- internal intercostals
-Rectus abdominis
Side-bending (lateral flexion) to the right uses which muscle combination of abdominal muscles?
Right external + right internal
Increase K+ permeability and decrease Ca+2 is an effect of which Nervous system on cardiovascular function?
Parasympathetic control: rest and digest
A patient rotates their trunk to the right. Which abdominal muscles are primarily responsible for this motion?
Left external oblique + right internal oblique
What type of muscle contraction happens during forward bending (flexion)?
What muscles are involved in stabilizing during?
• mainly eccentric spine muscles in first half of bending
• then eccentric glutes and hip extensors
What key event happens once the impulse reaches the AV node?
Once the impulse reaches the AV node, conduction slows/DELAYS down before continuing through the ventricular conduction system toward the heart's apex.
External intercostal muscles function?
elevate ribs
What is occurring during the QRS complex of an Electrocardiogram wave?
Ventricular depolarization
A patient describes pain in the upper left area beneath the ribs. Which abdominal region is this?
Left hypochondriac (LH)
When the pelvis moves into an anterior pelvic tilt, what motion occurs at the sacrum relative to the ilia?
Nutation
The 2nd part of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon, 2/3rd of transverse colon are part of what organization of the gut & what supplies this area?
Midgut & Superior mesenteric artery
Pelvic floor consists of which muscles?
levator ani group and coccygeus
levator ani: Pubococcygeus, Iliococcygeus
Breathe in as much air as possible, then blow it all out as fast as you can. What volume or capacity is this?
Vital Capacity
VC= Inspiratory Reserve Volume + Expiratory Reserve Volume + tidal volume
What is the primary effect of angiotensin II?
vascontriction, increasing peripheral resistance
Which nerve is motor and sensory to the perineum and external genitalia?
Pudendal nerve - S2 S3 S4 to the pelvic floor
During pregnancy, which combination of biomechanical changes most accurately explains the alterations in gait pattern commonly observed in the third trimester?
- Anterior displacement of the center of mass
- increased lumbar lordosis
- wider step width due to changes in pelvic stability.
Describe the direction of flow through the heart
Vena Cava > R Atrium > R Ventricle > Pulmonary Artery> Lungs > Pulmonary Veins > L atrium> L ventricle > Aorta