Cells
A patient sustains damage to the blood-brain barrier following a traumatic brain injury. Which neuroglial cell is primarily responsible for maintaining this structure?
Astrocyte
A physical therapy student is reviewing the major arteries supplying the brain. Which artery enters the skull through the foramen magnum?
vertebral artery
A patient voluntarily extends their knee. The majority of this movement is transmitted through which descending motor pathway?
Lateral Corticospinal Tract (LCST)
A physical therapy student is describing the motion of a patient's shoulder during flexion without discussing the forces causing the movement. Which area of biomechanics is being studied?
kinematics
A therapist is reviewing connective tissue composition. Which collagen type is the thickest, strongest, and most resistant to tensile forces?
Type I collagen
A physical therapist is reviewing neuron anatomy. Which structure is primarily responsible for receiving signals from other neurons?
Dendrite
A patient presents with contralateral weakness and sensory loss primarily affecting the leg and foot. Which cerebral artery is most likely involved?
Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA)
A patient demonstrates impaired balance, trunk control, and postural stability while voluntary movement remains relatively intact. Which group of pathways is most likely affected?
secondary (subconscious) motor pathways
A force is defined as a push or pull on an object resulting from an interaction with another object. Which force most commonly affects human movement?
gravity
During a stretching intervention, a therapist wants to achieve permanent gains in ROM. Which region of the stress-strain curve must the tissue enter?
plastic region
A patient presents with a peripheral nerve injury affecting myelin production. Which cell type is most likely damaged?
Schwann cells
A therapist evaluates a patient with facial droop, arm weakness, and speech difficulties. Which cerebral artery is most commonly involved in this presentation?
Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA)
A patient loses vibration sense, proprioception, and light touch on the right lower extremity due to a lesion affecting a dorsal column pathway. Which specific tract carries this information from the leg?
Fasciculus Gracilis
When analyzing forces acting across a joint, this force component acts perpendicular to the bone and produces rotational movement.
rotary force
A patient has been immobilized for several weeks. The therapist explains that movement helps maintain negatively charged molecules that attract water and keep connective tissue lubricated. What molecules are being described?
glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
A therapist is explaining why some nerve fibers conduct impulses more rapidly than others. Which characteristic is MOST responsible for faster conduction velocity?
Presence of myelin
A patient demonstrates weakness and sensory loss in the left lower extremity following a stroke. The face and upper extremity are unaffected. Which artery is most likely occluded?
right Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA)
A nerve impulse arrives at the neuromuscular junction. Which neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft to initiate a muscle action potential?
acetylcholine (ACh)
A patient performs a heel raise. To make the movement easier, the therapist instructs the patient to lean forward and place more weight over the toes. Which biomechanical principle explains this modification?
shortening the weight arm to decrease the required effort force
A patient is 3 days post-ligament injury. Which type of collagen predominates the healing tissue, and what implication does this have for rehabilitation?
Type III collagen
Which statement best describes communication between neurons?
Communication occurs through electrochemical signaling.
A patient can hear sounds normally but cannot comprehend spoken language. Imaging reveals a cortical stroke. Which area and artery are most likely involved?
Wernicke's area supplied by the inferior division of the MCA
A lesion affects the Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscal pathway before it reaches the medulla. On which side of the body would proprioceptive deficits be observed?
ipsilateral side
A patient has difficulty rising from a chair. The therapist instructs the patient to bring their "nose over toes" before standing. This strategy improves performance primarily by changing which biomechanical factor?
the center of gravity to increase the muscle's lever arm and torque production
A physical therapist is designing a rehabilitation program for a patient recovering from a tendon injury. The patient is 30 days post-injury. The therapist wants to promote collagen alignment and tissue strengthening without overloading the healing tissue. Which healing stage is the patient in, and what is the primary tissue process occurring?
Consolidation Stage (Day 21–60)