Early Brain
Development
Development
The brain region that governs autonomic functions (breathing, heartbeat, blinking, etc).
What is the Brain Stem?
A cognitive schema develops / is modified in two ways. Describe each briefly:
What is....?
assimilation (a schema is gradually built up with new data that does not contradict the old)
accommodation (a schema is changed dramatically to allow for new data that modifies the preexisting data)
Dweck's Mindset Theory focuses on these two approaches:
What are...?
Fixed Mindset vs Growth Mindset
McGarrigle and Donaldson's Naughty Teddy Study tested children's ability to do this:
What is?
Conserve Quantity
This is a bilateral structure located deep inside each hemisphere of the brain. Often referred to as the brain's information hub.
The four stages of cognitive development: Describe one key feature of each:
What is.....?
Sensorimotor (0-2 years old) - development of object permanence and basic motor functions.
Pre-Operational (2-7 years old) - development of language and conservation.
Concrete Operational (7-11 years old) - development of logical reasoning, empathy, ability to calculate.
Formal Operational (12 and up) - development of abstract and conceptual thinking ability.
The Learning Styles Theory focuses on these three ways of learning:
What are...?
Verbalizer
Visualizer
Kinesthetic Learner
Evaluate Hughes' (1975) 'Policeman Doll' study by identifying one strength and one weakness:
Strength: This was more realistic than Piaget's 3-mountain task and more applicable to the perspective taking that children experience in everyday life. It challenges Piaget's assumption that children remained egocentric until the age of 7. Weakness: The researcher(s) might have unintentionally sent subtle cues to children about where the dolls were hiding.
The cerebellum is located ______ of the spinal cord, matures ______, and coordinates _________ activity.
What is..... ?
at the top
late / slowly
sensorimotor
What are....?
Discovery Learning (hands-on activities)
Readiness (developmentally appropriate tasks)
Individual Learning (children develop at different rates)
It is better to praise effort rather than performance because:
What is...?
Praising effort enables control / is motivating. Praising performance can be demoralizing.
The results of Hughes' Policeman Doll Study suggest that Piaget's theory was both incorrect due to _________ and correct due to ___________:
The majority of children over 4.5 years of age had grown beyond egocentricity.
There was a major difference between 4.5- and 5.5-year-olds abilities (60% vs 90%) in terms of non- egocentric perspective taking.
________ and _______ interact to influence brain development in the womb. Both ______ and ______ influences shape how the brain develops.
What is.......?
Nature and Nurture
Genetic and Environmental
Piaget tested his theory of conservation in the following ways:
Tasks that measured pre-operational stage children's ability to conserve through tasks such as conserving length, liquid, volume, mass etc.
Three components of Willingham's Learning Theory include:
What are....?
Educational ideas should be evidenced based.
Use cues for retrieval practice instead of memorizing.
Self-regulation (marshmallow test) linked to high academic performance.
Based on the research of Tulving and Psotka (1971), Willingham claimed that forgetting occurs due to a ___________ and that instead of memorization we should focus on __________.
What is?
lack of cues
retrieval
The cell body sends neural impulses (action potentials) through the _______ to the ______ _______ where junctions are formed with other cells.
What is...?
axon
axon terminal
Piaget tested egocentricity through his _____ __________ _________. One limitation of this study was ____________.
What are.....?
Three Mountains Task.
It was difficult for (non-Swiss) children to understand.
The implications of the marshmallow test include:
What are...?
Self-Regulation / Delayed Gratification are Indicators of Academic Success and Life Succes.
In Anthony Grasha's research, he identified three typical negative reactions students have in a traditional classroom and three ways to positively address them. He identified them as:
What are?
Avoidant Learners - Participatory Learners
Competitive Learners - Collaborative Learners
Dependent Learners - Independent Learners