All things living
State all characteristics of living organisms.
MRS GREN
(movement, respiration, sensitivity, growth, reproduction, excretion, nutrition)
What is the term used for transport within the phloem?
Translocation
Which enzyme is found in our stomach?
Pepsin
Which artist headlined at the 2026 Superbowl Half-time show?
Bad Bunny
What is the difference between breathing and respiration?
Breathing: taking in and out of air
Respiration: Chemical breakdown of glucose to release energy
Describe 2 features of prokaryotic cells.
1. No nucleus
2. No membrane bound organelles (no mitochondria/chloroplast/ER etc)
3. Circular DNA
Explain why the artery walls are elastic.
Can expand to allow blood at high pressure to flow through and then recoil to maintain blood pressure
Which singer’s full name is Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta?
Which type of blood cell has a lobed nucleus?
Phagocyte
Lock in, chat.
Explain the difference between "to cook" and "to be cooked" in slang.
To cook - something is about to be impressive
To be cooked - ruined/over/beyond saving
Calculate the magnification of a cell drawing that measures 50mm. The actual cell size is 25µm.
• Convert 50 mm to µm = 50,000 µm
• Magnification = image size ÷ actual size
• 50,000 ÷ 25 = 2000
• ×2000
At what time of the day are humans most likely to experience tooth aches?
A) 13:47
B) 02:30
C) 15:15
D) 09:30
B) 2:30 Tooth Hurty :)
What are some functions of bile?
Mechanical digestion
Emulsifies fat (large droplet to smaller droplets)
Increases SA:V for lipase to work
Explain how antibodies work.
- Produced by lymphocytes
- Complementary shape to antigen
- Antigen found on pathogen
- Binds to antigen and prevent antigen from binding to body cell
- Neutralise pathogen
- Causes agglutination
- Marks pathogen
What is the pathway of air for exhalation? Start from the alveoli.
Alveoli --> Bronchiole --> Bronchus --> Trachea --> Larynx --> Pharynx --> Nasal Passage --> Nostril
How many bones are in the human body?
206
Calculate cardiac output if heart rate is 75 beats per minute and stroke volume is 70 cm³.
• Cardiac output = heart rate × stroke volume (1)
• 75 × 70 (1)
• = 5250 cm³ per minute (1)
What feature of the villi allow it to be an efficient surface for absorption?
- One cell thick walls
- Microvilli for increased surface area
- Lacteal for fatty acids and glycerol
- Capillaries for amino acids and glucose
- Goblet cells for mucus production (keeps lining moist)
Injections can result in either active or passive immunity. Give an example of each type of injection and explain the benefits of each. (5 marks)
Active immunity
- Vaccines through injection of antigen/weakened pathogen
- lymphocytes MAKE antibodies
- Memory cells and secondary immune response activated
- Long term protection
Passive immunity
- Antibodies injected
- Immediate protection/quicker
- Works for severe infection
Describe how the diaphragm and rib muscles cause inhalation.
• Diaphragm contracts/flattens
• External intercostal muscles contract
• Thoracic volume increases
• Pressure decreases
• Air enters lungs
What are some similarities and differences between insects and arachnids?
- Segmented body
- Jointed limbs
Differences:
- Insects have 3 pairs of legs, arachnids have 4
- Insects have compound eyes/arachnids have simple eyes
- Insects have 3 body sections/arachnids have 2
- Insects have wings and antennae/arachnids don't
Scientists measure transpiration at different humidities.
Humidity (%) | Transpiration rate
40 | High
80 | Low
Explain these results.
• High humidity reduces gradient (1)
• Less diffusion of water vapour (1)
• Lower transpiration (1)
I ate some food and got sick and had diarrhea and vomited a lot. I found out that I was infected by the bacteria named Vibrio cholerae.
Explain how this bacteria caused my symptoms. What can I do to make this better?
- Bacteria releases toxins
- Toxins cause chloride ions to be move out of the ileum (villi) and into the lumen of the small intestine
- This caused water to move out by osmosis
- This resulted in diarrhea
- Drink Oral Rehydration Salts/solution
Describe and explain the role of platelets in preventing infection.
Blood clot formation
Fibrinogen --> fibrin
Mesh
Traps RBC
Seals wound to stop blood going out and pathogens from entering.
What is the term used for when muscles that occur in pairs and work opposite to each other?
Spell it correctly and give an example of a muscle pair (example must also be spelt correctly).
Antagonistic muscles
- External and Internal Intercostal muscles
- Biceps and Triceps