1.1
Give the formula of population change:
Natural increase + Net migration = pop. change
State the definition of migration:
People moving form one city/country to another.
State the formula for Dependency ratio:
Dependency ratio = Number of dependants / Number of economically active people
State the population density formula:
State the four erosional proceses:
Hydraulic action, attrition, abrasion and solution
Give reasons for the rapid increase in the world’s population:
better medicine and medical care, technology transport, lack of access to family planning and contraception, an increase in women surviving childbirth, families continue to have large numbers of children to look after their parents in old age and to help support the family, the culture of having larger families which takes many years to change, religious reasons
State intervening obstacles for refugees when migrating:
Dangerous journey, they're undocumented, lack of money, discrimination, xenophobia, racism, etc.
State what is the ideal dependency ratio
0.5
Give negatives of being a sparsely populated country:
High living costs
Infrastructure challenges
Waste of potencial resources
Loss of skilled workers
State the four types of transportation:
Suspension, Saltation, Traction and Sloution
Give reasons for contrasting rates of natural population change
Fertility Rates
Mortality Rates:
Life Expectancy
Migration
Government Policies
Economic Factors
Cultural and Social Norms
Environmental Factors
Education and Literacy
Social Welfare Systems
Give 3 examples of push factors for migrants:
high taxes, pollution, corruption, famine, disease, poverty, poor living conditions, etc
Why might a country have more of young dependants?
High birth rate
lack of contraception
Traditionally big families
Poor access to healthcare
Low life expectancy
State some pros of high population density
Cultural diversity
access to resources
economic growth
increase demands
cost efficiency
Give characteristics about destructive waves:
Weak swash
Strong backwash
Destroy
Short wave length
Come in fast
From Nigeria's overpopulation case study give two place specific facts:
1.- Lagos (21M people)
2.- 70% of people in Lagos live in slumps
3.- Life expectancy of 52 yrs
State some examples of pros the origin country might experience:
More resources, more space, culture spreads, remittance (money sent back)
Not enough people paying taxes
Care for the elderly
Loneliness
Gov has to pay pensions
Increase in taxes for economically active
Give some reasons why Australia is a sparsely populated country:
Low fertility rate
Sea-locked (overseas migration)
Closed borders due to covid-19
High life expectancy
Define longshore drift
Coastal sediment movement via wave-driven currents along shorelines when the waves approach the beach at an angle
Give three positive effects the China's one-child policy gave:
1.- Parents with one child are issued with a one child" certificate entitling them to interest free loans, longer maternity leave and cash bonuses,
2.- There are more young educated women in Chinese society today than ever. Nearly 50% of all undergraduates and graduates are female.
3.- 400 million births were prevented which the government would not have been able to sustain.
4.- There are more females in further and higher education than ever before in the history of China
5.- The reduced number of births has reduced the pressure on food and energy resources
6.- A new generation of highly educated professionals have emerged, which has resulted in a stronger economy and increased technology.
Give place specific facts about Mexico to USA migratin case study:
Most crossed borders in the world, 37M mexicans in USA 3,360 people per day including tourism and migration,
Give place specific facts of Japan's elderly dependant case study:
abt 630% of people are elderly
Life expectancy abt 85 yrs
Change retirement age form 60 to 65
Give place specific facts of Australia's sparse populated country case study:
Pop density: 3.5 people per km2
Life expectancy abt 84 yrs
Total pop 23M
40% are desserts
Give 4 hard engineering management strategies:
Groynes
Sea Wall
Rock armour
Gabion