Chapter 1
According to the multi-store model of memory, what are the three stores?
Sensory memory
Short-term memory (STM)
Long-term memory (LTM)
What is one difference between REM sleep and non-REM sleep?
During REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep, brain activity is high, dreaming is most vivid, and the eyes move rapidly.
During non-REM sleep, brain activity is slower, the body relaxes, and dreams are less frequent or less vivid.
According to the bystander effect, why are people less likely to help when others are present?
The bystander effect occurs due to diffusion of responsibility — when many people are present, individuals feel less personally responsible to act.
Research by Latane and Darley showed that people are less likely to help in emergencies when others are around.
What did George Miller suggest about the capacity of short-term memory?
He suggested that short-term memory can hold about 7 ± 2 items (between 5 and 9 items).
Give one explanation for why we dream.
One explanation is the activation-synthesis theory, which suggests that dreams are the brain’s attempt to make sense of random neural activity during sleep.
Another explanation is that dreaming helps with memory consolidation, organising and storing information from the day.
How does similarity affect helping behaviour?
People are more likely to help others who are similar to themselves (e.g., same age, gender, ethnicity, or group membership).
This can be explained by social identity theory, which suggests we favour members of our own group (in-group).
What is one way to improve memory using encoding strategies?
One way is chunking, which groups information into meaningful units, making it easier to remember.
What is a circadian rhythm?
A circadian rhythm is a biological cycle that lasts about 24 hours and regulates processes such as sleep and wakefulness.
It is influenced by environmental cues like light and darkness.
What did Bandura suggest about how prosocial behaviour is learned?
Bandura suggested that prosocial behaviour is learned through observation and imitation.
If children see role models being rewarded for helping behaviour, they are more likely to copy that behaviour.