Planters problems and solutions
Many planters in low density colonies claimed they faced a severe shortage of this?
What is labour?
This coercive tactic used by some planters involved offering low wages paired with high charges for this.
What is rent (or high rents for cottages/land)?
These European immigrants came from an Atlantic Portuguese colony starting in the 1830s, though many later left agriculture to become petty shopkeepers.
Who are the Madeirans (Portuguese)
Large-scale Chinese immigration began in 1852 primarily from this southern Chinese colony?
What is Macao?
This ship ferried the first group of Indian indentured laborers to Trinidad in 1845.
What is Fatel Rozack?
This 1846 British act equalized taxes on sugar and removed preferential treatment for West Indian sugar.
What is the Sugar Duties Equalization Act?
Under this "conciliatory" sharecropping system, planters provided land and tools while workers provided labor, sharing the final earnings.
What is the metayage system?
These individuals were rescued from illegal slave ships by British warships and forcibly indentured for up to five years
Who are liberated Africans?
Many early Chinese immigrants were unwilling volunteers; they were often captured during this type of internal conflict in southern China.
What is a civil war?
These were two of the main Indian ports from which immigration ships departed for the Caribbean.
What are Calcutta and Madras?
This was the primary reason planters fell heavily into debt and could not pay their loans or wages
What is low profit / lack of capital / falling sugar prices/competition
Planters turned to this grand strategy—bringing workers from overseas—to solve their labor shortages after emancipation.
What is immigration?
Trinidad sent recruiters to the eastern states of North America hoping to attract this specific group of people, but fewer than a thousand came.
Who are escaped slaves from the southern United States (or North Americans)?
This country's government eventually drew up strict rules and opposed emigration when they learned of the poor treatment and brutal conditions faced by their people.
What is China?
This push factor drove thousands of Indian artisans to emigrate after losing traditional jobs to competition from factories in this country
What is England?
This agricultural problem, caused by continuous planting over time, contributed to low crop yields in several territories.
What is soil exhaustion/depletion?
This technological solution was meant to reduce manual labor dependency, though it was expensive, prone to breakdowns, and still required workers to operate.
What is introducing machinery (or steam power / new technology)
This West Indian island received almost no immigrants because it was self-sufficient and densely populated.
What is Barbados?
This major European rival power in the Caribbean also imported Chinese workers into colonies like Martinique and Guadeloupe.
Who are the French?
Indentured Indians were housed in long, uncomfortable, wooden like buildings commonly known by these names.
slave barracks
What are coercive tactics?
the use of force/oppression/control for tactics
Which colonies had a desperate need for immigrants high density or low density colonies?
low density
This British colony in West Africa was one of the primary ports where liberated Africans were originally taken before being moved to the Caribbean.
What is Sierra Leone?
This country's government eventually drew up strict rules and opposed emigration when they learned of the poor treatment and brutal conditions faced by their people.
What is China?
This key incentive was offered in contracts to attract Indian workers, though the residency requirement to claim it was later extended to ten years.
What is a free return passage?