Auto-immunity
What are HLA genes?
Human version of MHC genes; makes you more susceptible to autoimmune disorders
What auto-antibody is present in SLE?
Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs)
What 2 glands are involved in SJD?
Salivary, lacrimal
Where does the HIV virus typically enter?
HIV typically enters through mucosal surfaces
What are the 2 general causes of autoimmunity?
Genetic susceptibility (HLA genes) and environmental factors (infections or tissue injury)
What are the immunologic factors involved in SLE?
Failure of self-tolerance in B cells
CD4+ helper T cells escape tolerance
What are the 2 main clinical symptoms of SJD?
Dry eyes and dry mouth
What cell is depleted in HIV?
Helper T cell
What are the two roles of infections in autoimmunity?
Expressed co-stimulators on APCs
Molecular mimicry
What is the general cause/pathophysiology of SLE?
Deposition of immune complexes and binding of antibodies to cells and tissues --> injury
What are the 5 homeostasis disruptions in salivary gland epithelial cells (SGECs)?
Apoptosis, endoplasmic stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, lysosome and autophagy dysfunction, premature senescence of stem/progenitor cell
Lymph nodes and the spleen
Primary = defects in innate or adaptive immunities
Secondary = acquired (HIV, cancer, graft rejection, malnutrition, splenectomy)
Describe the mechanism of normal tolerance in the thymus and bone marrow
Thymus: deletion and development of regulatory T cells
Bone marrow: deletion and receptor editing
(deletion = death of self-reactive lymphocytes)
How does UV light cause the butterfly rash characteristic of SLE?
UV light induces apoptosis, causing the nuclear antigens to be exposed
apoptosis also promotes inflammation --> damage to DNA
What antibody is involved in SJD?
What is the clinical latency period?
During this period of the disease, few or no clinical manifestations of the HIV infection are present
Describe the mechanism of normal immunologic tolerance in peripheral tissues
1. suppression by regulatory T cells
2. inhibition of lymphocyte activation by inhibitory receptors
3. death of self-reactive lymphocytes (aka deletion)
Antinuclear antibody (ANA) test = positive
Anti-dsDNA antibodies = positive
Anti-Smith (Sm) antibodies = detected
What is SJD characterized by (pathogenesis)
SORRY i ran out of ideas
Lymphocytic infiltration of the exocrine glands (salivary and lacrimal) --> leading to progressive glandular dysfunction and subsequent xerostomia and xerophthalmia
What 2 antibodies are produced in the humoral immune response to HIV?
Anti-envelope antibodies and anti-p24 antibodies