Immunotolerance
T/F: Central tolerance occurs in the Thymus/Bone Marrow via deletion, specificity alteration (B cells only), and Treg suppression.
False
Treg suppression occurs in peripheral tolerance.
T/F We can create innate immune response memory.
True. Epigenetic changes like what is seen with the Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccine create memory for our innate immunity. So yes week one was full of Bittencourt lying right to our naiive little faces.
Excessive IgE production is known as?
Anaphylaxis, Neutralization, Atopy, FAD
Atopy
Type II hypersensitivity is caused by which immunogobulins?
IgG and IgM our primarily blood bound ig.
Canine anaphylaxis presents where?
Hepatic vein. Look for liver engorgement or even peritoneal hemorrhage.
S/S: collapse, dyspnea, emesis, diarrhea
Clonal anergy occurs as a result of?
CTLA-4, IL-10, lack of costimulation, TGF-b
Lack of co-stimulation, when this cell fails to get help to fully stimulate it just sort of goes to sleep. mood.
Cyclosporin a calcineurin inhibitor blocks the production of which two cytokines?
IL-2 and IFNgamma this prevents immune cell proliferation causing immunosuppression.
FCeRI is a GPCR in which IgE is bound to a mast cell, what part of the GPCR transduces the signal?
Gamma! What a physio 1 throwback remember our alpha and beta here stabalize the IgE and stabalize the bond respecitively. The gamma parts (there's 2) go off to spread the good word and effect the change they want to see in the world.
Tissue damage in type II hypersensitivity comes from these three pathways.
Complement
ADCC
Opsonization/phagocytosis
These are our staples and it makes sense that they're the methods we harm ourself with.
Feline anaphylaxis presents how/where?
Respiratory tract. Look for lung edema or intestinal hemorrhage (weird).
S/S: DYSPNEA, emesis, diarrhea, pruritis
In central B cell tolerance what do RAG1 and RAG2 do?
They allow the light chains to be recombined/altered for a better antigen match.
T/F Radiation since it can be narrowly focussed into a target area is specific immunosuppression.
False regardless of scope it's still a non-specific method.
How long after a second encounter with an antigen does it take a mast cell to degranulate and start the allergy?
Seconds.
There is a following response that takes hours but the initial response takes seconds. (Anaphylaxis is biphasic)
Why does Babesia infecting a RBC cause a type II hypersensitivity?
Modification of the RBC membrane which causes our own body to kill the cell.
Food allergies in canines typically present as type I or II?
Type I, think of all the skin reactions. The large polypeptides get brought all the way to the epidermis where the dog reacts to them :(.
IL-1, TNF-a, and IL-6 are all ___-inflamatory cytokines which increase with generalized sympathetic or parasympathetic states?
Pro-inflamatory, which increase with sympathetic states. This is what we see in our stressed animals.
Which cytotoxic drugs inhibit DNA propogation?
Alkylating agents, folic acid antagonists, corticosteroids, rapamycin
Alkylating agents cross link DNA preventing division.
Folic acid antagonists inhibit the production of crucial DNA material.
Both are correct.
Langerhans are what type of cells?
Antigen presenting cell
What is rheumatic heart disease?
Antibodies generated from a streptococcus infection binding to and destroying heart tissue.
This is why you get your strep throat treated ASAP, that and the potential autoimmune encephalitis.
The best way to stop Type I hypersensitivity is?
Avoiding the antigen. Silly but he seems to really like this point.
How do Treg cells influence IL-2?
They express many IL-2R so that they suck up as much IL-2 as possible and prevent other leukocytes from proliferating.
Why are Janus Kinase inhibitors considered specific immunosuppresion instead of non-specific?
JAK receptors are specifically for cytokines used by immune cells so only immune cells are targeted.
This non IgE immunoglobulin can bind in atopic dermatitis causing a type I hypersensitivity.
IgG4, this is a weird one because IgG falls under type II, BUT the end result is increased IgE so I think that's why we include it in type I.
You bring your beautiful paint horse with you to Australia to play polo. She falls in love and has a baby with another paint with the same blood type. Unfortunately she tripped going down the stairs multiple times during the pregnancy (that she totally wanted). What are the chances of hemolytic dz of the newborn?
Zero. Same blood type excludes this disease.
A jersey cow isn't milked on time which results in a-casein getting into the blood stream, which hypersensitivity are we at risk for?
Type I.
Honestly would have though IgG or IgM modulated but it must migrate near mast cells to cause a response.