Innate Immunity
What is innate immunity?
The body's first line of defense against infections caused by foreign particles.
What is adaptive immunity?
Immunity that develops as a response to exposure to specific pathogens.
What is an infectious disease?
Bonus: what are some other examples of pathogens?
A disease caused by pathogens such as bacteria or viruses.
Bonus: parasites, protozoa, fungi, prions, and host grafts.
What is gastric digestion?
The process of breaking down foods into their molecular components.
Which muscular tube connects the mouth to the stomach and uses peristalsis to move food downward?
The esophagus.
Name one type of white blood cell involved in innate immunity.
Neutrophils or macrophages.
Name one type of cell involved in adaptive immunity.
T-cells or B-cells.
Name one common disease that affects the immune system.
Autoimmune diseases (HIV/AIDS, Multiple Sclerosis, etc.) and allergies
Name one enzyme that is found in gastric juice.
Pepsin, gastric lipase, or rennin.
Where is bile produced?
The liver.
What role do skin and mucous membranes play in innate immunity?
They act as barriers to prevent pathogens from entering the body.
How do vaccines relate to adaptive immunity?
Vaccination helps the body build a memory of specific pathogens the body hasn't experienced so that the body can fight off pathogens in the future.
What is the role of antibiotics in treating diseases?
Antibiotics kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria.
How does the stomach protect itself from the acidic environment?
The stomach lining produces mucus to protect against acid.
What is the purpose of the large intestine?
To absorb water and form waste.
True or false: Innate immunity provides long-lasting protection.
False; it provides immediate but short-term protection.
What is the difference between active and passive immunity?
The body develops active immunity after exposure to a pathogen, while passive immunity is received from another source.
Influenza is a viral infection that causes your immune system to respond, leading to symptoms like a fever and fatigue.
What is the role of the hormone gastrin?
Gastrin stimulates the secretion of gastric acid.
This part of the small intestine is approximately 25 cm long, and it's the primary site for mixing chyme with bile and pancreatic enzymes, initiating the majority of chemical digestion.
The duodenum.
What is inflammation and why is it important to the innate immune system?
Inflammation is the body's response to injury or infection that helps isolate and eliminate pathogens.
Describe the process of how antibodies protect the body.
Antibodies have four methods of disposing of pathogens:
Precipitation (binding free-circulating antigens and letting them fall out of solution)
Lysis (cutting into pathogens and causing cell death)
Agglutination (binding pathogen-bound antigens and letting it circulate freely)
Neutralization (masking the antigen sites so they cannot be released)
What is the difference between a virus and bacteria?
Viruses require a host to replicate, while bacteria can live independently.
Gastrin: what is it secreted by, what does it stimulate, and how is it regulated?
Gastrin is a hormone that is secreted by G-cells in the stomach. It stimulates parietal cells to release HCl. It is regulated through a negative feedback mechanism involving low stomach pH.
This sphincter, located at the junction of the ileum and the cecum, regulates the flow of chyme into the large intestine and prevents backflow into the small intestine.
The ileocecal valve.