Behavior
Male fight, unless castrated
Pecking orders really do exist
Sows, cows, chickens, mares etc.
House our animals separately (by age)
Sick animals separate from the group
Cows leave to calve
Horns are weapons
Eat more in a group
Older animals hog the feed
Mortality vs morbidity
mortality = death
morbidity = illness/sickness
Why do I want to prevent disease
it is easier to prevent than treat
what is natural/innate immunity
Natural barriers: skin, mucus, pH, lining of respiratory & intestinal tracts, acidic stomach
Physical germ barriers that the animals is BORN WITH
Reflexes: coughing, sneezing
what can cause infectious disease, explain 2
Prions
Cause proteins in brain to misfold; brain damage
Viruses
Piece of genetic material that infects cell and uses the cell to reproduce
Fungi
Parasites - organism living inside or on the host
Host - organism that another organism or bacteria live in or on
Parasite benefits at expense of host
Examples:
Heartworms
Grubs
Liver flukes
Flies
balk
stop
what is the term for anything different then normal health
Disease
Compare and Contrast Antiseptics & Disinfectants
they both sanitize
antiseptics = applied to skin
disinfectants = applied to surfaces/tools
what is adaptive/acquired
Developed in response to pathogen exposure
Specific & unique response to each pathogen -> generates memory
Includes actions of Lymphocytes (WBC)
avian influenza
Virus affecting internal organs
Decrease in production and/or death
Spreads quickly and quick mortality
Depopulate herd
Build biosecurity practices to reduce spread by feces & respiratory secretions
HPAI (Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza)
Respiratory disease in poultry caused by influenza A
Spreads quickly
High mortality rate
HPAI H5N1
Found in U.S. dairy cows (March 2024)
Cows have reduced milk production, eat less, lethargy, but often recover
Name 2 People that are very important to animal handling & behavior
Temple Grandin, Bud Williams, Curt Pate, Ron Gill, Tom Noffsinger, Lynn Locatelli
what are 3 ways disease can be spread
Animals - sick &/or shedding
Organisms in facilities
Carcasses
Rodents, birds, insects, etc
Equipment & shared objects (boots, tools, vehicles)
People
Feed
Air
vaccine or drug is given until an animal can be slaughtered or milk collected
Compare passive & Active immunity
1st - Passive Immunity - antibodies come from mother in colostrum
First milk, rich in antibodies, thick, yellowish
Consumed in 24 hours of birth
Absorbed whole, wait any longer they will get digested and it is not useful
pinocytosis
2nd - Active Immunity - the animal’s adaptive immune system makes their own antibodies after pathogen exposure
Remembers the pathogens = faster immune response the next time
Concept behind vaccines
different ways to administer a vaccine
Subcutaneous (sub Q)
Under skin
Intramuscular (IM)
In muscle
Intravenous (IV)
In vein
Intrammammary
In mammary gland (through streak canal)
Intraperitoneal
In peritoneal cavity of abdomen
Intrauterine
Through cervix into uterus
Define Allelomimetic
animals have a daily pattern
2 examples of zoonotic diseases and what zoonotic means
Transmitted from animals to humans
Brucellosis
Leptospirosis
Lyme disease
Mad cow
West nile
Rabies
give me 5 steps to prevent the spread of disease (biosecurity plan)
Protect & clean disease carrying objects
Protect hands, wash
Beware of people going thru facilities
Clean out equipment, trailers
Control rodents & wildlife
Clean animals, bedding, leading areas
Keep animals clean & healthy
AIAO (all in all out)
Compare B & T Cells
B cells - humoral immunity - pathogens found and stopped by antibodies
Antibodies provide protection
Antigens - virus or bacteria; invades body & activates acquired immunity
Antibody - specific; made because of invasion by antigen in animal
Secrete antibodies
Transferred in body fluids
T cells - cell mediated immunity
intracellular protection; substances attract infected cells
Attract entire cells
Macrophages engulf foreign bodies, destroyed by enzymes
Protects the body against virus infected cells, intracellular bacteria, cancer, etc.
what is Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
BSE/Mad cow
Neurological disorder
From prion protein
Damages CNS
Uncoordinated, can’t walk
CWD - prion disease affecting deer, elk, moose, reindeer
Scrapie - prion disease in sheep
Zoonotic disease
Give 4 examples of animal behavior interactions with humans
If you treat them wild, they will be wild
Animals w/ poor dispositions leads to being culled
Quite cattle = less stress
Maintain flight zone or personal space
Manage what you measure
Audits, scores, cortisol
what are some economic impacts of disease & illness
Loss of:
Production
reproduction
Mortalities
Impairs animal wellbeing
Can restrict shipping of animals
Imports & exports
BSE, Bird flu
Biosecurity
interventions that prevent a new agent entering the herd
2 types of vaccines?
Killed
Dead or inactivated pathogens
Modified live (MLV)
Altered, weakened form of the pathogen
What is a genetic disease found in porcine
PSS
Swine
Nervousness, tail, twitching, muscle tremors
Often don’t make it to market weight
Inherited condition caused by recessive genes
genetic
Easily excited, death