WBCs
What is the primary function of monocytes once they move into the tissues?
They become macrophages and help fight chronic infections
What is the difference between a primary and secondary immune response?
Primary occurs after first exposure and is slower; secondary is faster and stronger due to memory cells
Which antibody protects mucous membranes?
IgA
What type of hypersensitivity involves immune complexes depositing in small blood vessels, kidneys, or joints?
Type 3
What type of immunity do vaccines usually provide?
Active immunity
Which leukocytes are antigen-presenting cells that activate the immune response?
Dendritic cells
Which type of immunity targets specific antigens?
Adaptive (specific) immunity
What is the role of IgD?
Exact role is unclear, but is involved in B cell activation
An allergen binding to IgE on mast cells or basophils
List one contraindication for vaccinations
Acute illness with high fever, recent immunoglobulin therapy, or hypersensitivity to a vaccine
Which type of WBC is short-lived and key in acute infection and inflammation?
Granulocytes
What are some examples of passive immunity?
Mother → newborn
Blood products
Immunoglobulin therapy
Which antibody is most abundant in the blood?
IgG
Which hypersensitivity reaction occurs 24-72 hours after exposure?
Type 4 (delayed, T-cell mediated)
Educate patients/parents, ensure the understand the informed consent, and document refusals
What are natural killer (NK) cells responsible for?
Destroying early cancer cells and providing immune surveillance
What is the role of cytokines in the immune system?
They act as chemical messengers to regulate immune responses
IgE
What is a common cause of Type 2 cytotoxic hypersensitivity?
Drug reactions or autoimmune disorders
What are common systemic reactions to vaccines?
Fever, malaise, and irritability
What does leukopenia indicate?
Low WBC count; due to bone marrow suppression or increased destruction
What is the main role of the complement system?
Enhances inflammation and assists in destroying pathogens
Why is IgM important in immunity?
It's the first antibody produced during the primary immune response
Which foods commonly cross-react with latex allergies?
banana, kiwi, avocado, tomato, bell pepper, and stone fruits
What modifiable risk factors can improve immunity?
Proper nutrition, healthy weight, managing stress, avoiding smoking/alcohol/illicit drug use, safe sexual practices