Cytokines
A single cytokine can have many different actions.
What is pleiotropy?
Also known as T cell growth factor, this cytokine drives growth and differentiation of both T and B cells as well as enhances the lytic activity of NK cells.
What is Interleukin-2 (IL-2)?
This law states that free reactants are in equilibrium with bound reactants.
What is the law of mass action?
In this immunodiffusion technique, antibody is embedded in the gel while antigen is placed in a well and diffuses outward.
What is radial immunodiffusion (RID)?
The process by which particulate antigens aggregate to form larger complexes when a specific antibody is present.
What is agglutination?
This is the first phase of agglutination in which antigen and antibody bind but no visible reaction occurs.
What is sensitization?
This older immunoassay method uses radioactive isotopes as labels.
What is radioimmunoassay (RIA)?
These molecules are used in flow cytometry to identify cells by antigen properties.
What are fluorochromes?
The most important two cytokines in response to a viral infection.
What are IFN-alpha and IFN-beta?
The main function is to establish a concentration gradient to guide cell movement.
What are chemokines?
This method measures light that is scattered at a particular angle from the incident beam as it passes through a suspension.
What is nephelometry?
According to the Law of Mass Action, increasing this constant results in more antigen-antibody complexes and a more detectable reaction.
What is the equilibrium constant (K)?
In a direct agglutination test, agglutination indicates the presence of this substance in patient serum.
What are patient antibodies?
Agglutination of red blood cells is known by this term.
What is hemagglutination?
These immunoassays require physical separation of bound and free components.
What are heterogeneous immunoassays?
This anticoagulant tube should be used for whole blood samples processed within 30 hours.
What is an EDTA tube?
TGF-beta and IL-10.
What are the main anti-inflammatory cytokines?
TNF-alpha, IL-1, Il-6, and IFN-gamma.
What are the main proinflammatory cytokines?
This zone of the precipitation curve produces optimal precipitation because antigen and antibody are present in approximately equal amounts.
What is the zone of equivalence?
This property describes the overall stability of an antigen-antibody complex and is the sum of all attractive forces between the molecules.
What is avidity?
This type of agglutination uses particles coated with antigens not normally found on their surfaces.
What is passive agglutination?
A reaction graded as 4+ is characterized by this observation
What is one solid clump?
In a noncompetitive immunoassay, the amount of label detected has this relationship to the concentration of antigen in the patient sample.
What is directly proportional?
This intrinsic flow cytometry parameter is proportional to cell size.
What is forward scatter (FSC)?
Also called colony-stimulating factors, these cytokines stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of multiple lines of progenitor cells in the bone marrow.
What are hematopoietic growth factors?
Produced in the kidneys and regulates RBC production in the bone marrow.
What is EPO?
This phenomenon occurs when excess antibody prevents lattice formation and can cause false-negative results.
What is the prozone phenomenon?
This laboratory technique is used to identify monoclonal immunoglobulins by electrophoresing serum proteins and then applying specific antisera.
What is immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE)?
This method involves haptens attached to carrier particles. These particles compete with patient antigens for a limited number of antibody binding sites. Lack of agglutination is a positive test, indicating the presence of antigen in the patient serum.
What is agglutination inhibition?
This phase of agglutination creates large visible aggregates through extensive antigen-antibody cross-linking.
What is lattice formation?
This immunoassay interference occurs when excess antigen saturates antibodies and prevents proper sandwich formation, causing falsely low results.
What is the high-dose hook effect?
This intrinsic parameter is proportional to cell complexity or granularity.
What is side scatter (SSC)?
This assay allows detection and enumeration of individual cytokine-secreting cells.
What is ELISpot?
This cytokine inhibits antigen presentation by macrophages and dendritic cells, has an anti-inflammatory and suppressive effect on Th1 cells, and downregulates the immune response by counteracting IFN-gamma.
What is Interleukin-10 (IL-10)?
This Ouchterlony pattern produces crossed precipitin lines because the antigens share no common determinants.
What is nonidentity?
In immunoturbidimetry, the concentration of antigen-antibody complexes is determined by measuring this change in transmitted light.
What is a reduction in light intensity?
This method calls for a patient sample to react with particles that are coated with reagent antibody. Agglutination indicated the presence of specific antigen in the patient sample.
What is reverse passive agglutination?
Both direct agglutination and passive agglutination produce agglutination when this component is present in the patient's sample.
What is the patient antibody?
These antibodies, including HAMA, can cross-link capture and detection antibodies and typically cause false-positive immunoassay results.
What are heterophile antibodies?
Peripheral blood, bone marrow, and samples containing many RBCs require this preparation step before analysis.
What is erythrocyte removal?