Hypersensitivity
__________ is an exaggerated immune response to antigens that are usually not harmful. It results in cell destruction and tissue injury.
Hypersensitivity
This surface marker is involved in T cell activation.
CD2
___ is produced by certain compounds when they are oxidized and emit light as they return to their original ground state.
Chemiluminescence
____ reactions are based on competition between particulate and soluble antigens for limited antibody- combining sites.
Agglutination inhibition
What is the principle of immunoserology, and how is it applied in diagnostic testing?
Answer:
Immunoserology is based on the principle of antigen-antibody reactions. When an antigen (a foreign substance like a virus, bacteria, or toxin) enters the body, the immune system produces specific antibodies to neutralize it. In the laboratory, this principle is used to detect either antigens or antibodies in a patient's serum.
Identify the type of hypersensitivity. (PEANUT)
Type 1
Unlike FSC and SSC, which represent light-scattering properties that are intrinsic to the cell, extrinsic parameters require the addition of a _____ for their detection.
fluorescent probe
____ assays allow any antigen present to com- bine with an excess of antibody attached to a solid phase. A second antibody bearing a label is added and binds wherever there is patient antigen.
Noncompetitive
In , both antigen and antibody diffuse from wells and travel toward each other. Precipitin lines may indicate identity, nonidentity, or partial identity, depending on the pattern formed.
Ouchterlony diffusion
Differentiate between the prozone and postzone phenomena and explain how they affect serological test interpretation.
Answer:
The prozone phenomenon occurs when there is an excess of antibodies, which interferes with the lattice formation necessary for agglutination, leading to false-negative results.
The postzone phenomenon is due to an excess of antigen, which also prevents optimal lattice formation and may yield false-negative results. Both can be resolved by performing serial dilutions to find the zone of equivalence where proper antigen-antibody ratio allows visible reactions.
Identify the type of hepersensitivity. (SLE)
Type III
Flow cytometry, a powerful tool to identify and enumerate various cell populations, was first used in clinical laboratories to perform ____ counts in HIV-infected individuals
CD4+ T-cell
Identify the format of this test. ( Ag-Ab )
Direct
Identify the principle. ( agarose gel containing antibodies to the protein antigen at an optimized concentration)
RID
Which test is used to confirm a positive HIV screening test like ELISA?
→ Western Blot or Immunoblot
Severe HDN is called __.
erythroblastosis fetalis
_____ by flow cytometry relies on the use of fluorescent-labeled monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies.
Immunophenotyping
Identify the test format. (Ab-Ag-Ab)
Sandwich Immunoassay
Indetify the Principle.
Immunofixation electrophoresis.
What type of cell is responsible for producing antibodies? ***
B Cell
The ______ is used to screen for transfusion reactions, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, and HDN. In this test, washed patient RBCs are combined with anti- human globulin and observed for agglutination, indicating the presence of IgG or complement components on the cells.
Direct antiglobulin test (DAT)
The presence of a significant number of cells that are both CD5+ and CD20+ is an indication of CLL ___.
chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) or
mantle cell lymphoma.
____ are used for detection of low molec- ular weight analytes such as hormones, therapeutic drugs, and drugs of abuse.
Homogeneous assays
In ____, antibody rather than antigen is attached to a carrier particle.
reverse passive agglutination
All complement pathways leads to this final event.
MAC