Imperialism
Name at least 3 imperializing countries who were involved in the Berlin Conference.
Ex. France, Belgium, Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Denmark, Netherlands, Russia
What is a colonizer?
country/person who colonizes, economically/politically dominates a foreign country/entity
What is the Berlin Conference? What was its aim?
The meeting in Berlin, Germany that effectively divided Africa under European control. Its aim was to keep European nations from fighting over colonies and territory in Africa.
What European nation held the most territory during the Age of Imperialism?
Great Britain (U.K.)
Who are the sepoys?
Indian soldiers paid for by the British East India Company
Who is Toussaint Louverture?
He famously led the 19th century slave revolt in Saint Domingue (Haiti) against Napoleon & his French brigade.
King Louis XVI
Define imperialism
When a less-developed country is controlled by a stronger country, politically & economically.
Define nationalism. How does it relate to the Age of Imperialism?
Nationalism: the belief that one's greatest loyalty should be to one's country; an intense pride in one's language and culture.
Colonies were seen as representing a nation's power; in competing with other nations to prove themselves to be the best, European nations competed to have control of the most colonies.
Name at least 1 African country that remained independent during the Age of Imperialism.
Ethiopia
Liberia
What 2 European nations held the most territory in Africa between themselves?
Britain and France
Why did Britain refer to India as the "Jewel in the Crown"?
India was the most valuable colony due to its large populations, large markets, and abundance of raw materials/natural resources.
Name the oldest Western democratic document, dating back to 1215, that helped to influence the US Constitution, Declaration of Independence, and Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
The Magna Carta
Which 18th century intellectual movement strongly emphasized rationale, critical thinking, and logic?
The Enlightenment
Define paternalism.
Paternalism: A belief in governing people in a 'parental' way by providing for their needs, but not giving them rights.
Define racism
- The belief that one race is superior to another
- prejudice/discrimination directed against a person or people on the basis of their race/ethnicity
What country/king colonized the Congo initially?
- King Leopold II (owned colony as a private citizen).
- Territory taken over by Belgian government due to horrific human rights abuses (ex. severed limbs and death).
How many European countries were involved in the Berlin Conference?
14 European nations were involved in the Berlin Conference
What is the name for the period of Britain's direct rule of India?
Raj
Who was the Mexican revolutionary (reigning from the South) who fought for land reform & peasant rights?
Emiliano Zapata
Name at least 1 Enlightenment philosopher we have discussed in class.
John Locke
Montesquieu
Mary Wollstonecraft
Voltaire
Rousseau
Hobbes
What is a colony?
A country or a territory governed internally by a foreign power
What is Social Darwinism?
The idea that those who were fittest for survival enjoyed wealth and success and should be considered superior to others. The need to "civilize" less-developed regions (White Man's Burden).
How were imperialist nations eventually able to colonize regions in Africa? Give at least 2 examples of technological advancements.
Technological Advancements:
- Medicine (Quinine, anti-malaria medication)
- Weapons: ex. maxim (machine) gun, cannons
- Transportation: ex. steamboats, railroads
- Bessemer Processer: steel production
Which export (raw material) was the Congo most known for?
The Congo was known for its rubber.
What was the immediate cause of the Sepoy Rebellion?
Word spread that rifle cartridges were greased with pig and cow fat, which violated sepoys' religious beliefs.
Define industrialization.
The period of social, economic change that marked the transformation from hand-made goods to machine-made goods.
Where did the Industrial Revolution 1st begin? Give 1 reason why.
England (Great Britain)
Reasons:
- political stability
- 3 factors of production
- Agricultural Revolution
- Abundance of Natural Resources
- Railroad Boom
- Population Boom
Define Assimilation.
A policy in which a nation forces/encourages colonized people to adopt its customs, traditions, and institutions.
Note 2 factors within Africa that made it vulnerable to conquest/colonization.
- African Diversity of languages and cultures
- ethnic rivalries
- less advanced weaponry
Describe the Boer Wars (1899-1902).
The Boer War was a conflict between the British, Zulus, and the Boers over territory and resources in Southern Africa. Both groups wanted the territory/raw materials there (DIAMONDS, also some gold). The Boers (a Dutch word meaning "farmers") were descendants of the Dutch-speaking settlers in Southern Africa and had colonized the region first. British won.
How many African leaders were invited to participate in the Berlin Conference?
Zero
What is the name of the rebellion led by Indian military members against the British East India company to demonstrate anger towards treatment of Indians by British soldiers and imperialism?
The Sepoy Rebellion/Mutiny
Provide at least 2 effects of European imperialism/colonialism in Africa.
- Cultural genocide
- millions enslaved
- natives losing their land & freedoms/rights
- technological advancements: steamboats, cables, medicine, etc.
- economic growth
Which revolution, involving Protestants Queen Mary & William of Orange, resulted in the English Bill of Rights?
The Glorious Revolution
How did the Industrial Revolution influence imperialism?
The Industrial Revolution allowed for more products to be made at a faster pace. This meant excess goods were produced that needed to be sold in new markets (outside of the country). It also meant that to keep production up, raw materials needed to be acquired. Through imperialism, industrialized nations sought to expand into new markets to sell their products into non-industrialized nations and to acquire raw materials from them.
Give 2 motives that European powers sought to extend their influence over other countries during the Age of Imperialism.
- Economic reasons: looking for new markets, need for raw materials
- Political reasons: nationalism (competition between nations), military needs (bases/refueling stations for navy)
- Ideological: belief in European superiority/Social Darwinism, religion
- Religious: to spread Christianity
- Exploratory: to explore and expand
Who were the Boers?
Dutch colonist farmers living in South Africa in search of land and resources to live off of
Who was the African leader who built many strong alliances with European powers & negotiated trade with the Portugese?
Queen Nzinga
What group lost power as a result of the Great Rebellion (Sepoy Rebellion)?
The British East India Company
What was the main goal of the Congress of Vienna?
The main goal of the Congress of Vienna was to create a balance of powers after the political instability that the Napoleonic Wars left behind.
Who was the revolutionary leader whose goal was to get rid of Spanish rule and create a large, united Latin America?
Simon Bolivar