Define it!
Earth’s outermost layer of rock.
Earth's Crust
The magnetic field of the earth is generated in the earth’s crust.
False (It is generated in the earth’s core.)
These are the five sections of the earth according to scientists.
Atmosphere, hydrosphere, crust, mantle, and core
Vibration of the earth that results either from volcanic activity or rock masses suddenly moving along a fault.
Earthquake
The boundary between two sections of rock that can move relative to one another.
Fault
These are the four kinds of mountains.
Volcanic, domed, fault-block, and folded mountains
Small, solid fragments of rock and other materials that are carried and deposited by wind, water, or ice. (For example, sand, mud, and gravel.)
Sediment
The magnetic field of the earth is caused by a large amount of electrical flow in the core.
True
These are the sections of the earth that we can observe directly.
Atmosphere, hydrosphere, and crust
The point where an earthquake begins.
Focus
Of the 3 main types of rock discussed, this one starts out as a different type of rock and is then transformed by temperature and pressure.
Metamorphic rock (it starts as igneous or sedimentary rock)
These two types of mountains are formed with magma from the earth’s mantle.
Volcanic and domed mountains
Rock formed when chemical reactions cement sediments together, hardening them.
Sedimentary Rock
We do not need a magnetic field for life on earth.
False (Life would cease to exist because cosmic rays from the sun would hit earth, killing all life on the planet.)
These are the two regions of the earth that the Moho discontinuity separates.
The crust from the mantle
The motion of rock masses along a fault or by volcanic activity cause these.
Earthquakes
Rock that behaves like something between a liquid and a solid.
Plastic Rock
This type of mountain is formed with vertical motion along the fault.
Fault-block mountains
Rock that forms from molten rock.
Igneous Rock
The dynamo theory of earth’s magnetic field says that the motion of the core is due to temperature differences in the core and the rotation of the earth.
True (yet not as scientifically valid as the rapid-decay theory)
These are the two regions of the earth that the Gutenberg discontinuity separates.
The mantle from the core
The point on the surface of the earth directly above an earthquake’s focus.
Epicenter
This type of mountain is formed with rock masses pushing against each other.
Folded mountains
When you stand at one end of a long rod and your friend at the other end hits it with a hammer, do you hear the sound better with your ear (1) close to OR (2) farther away from the rod?
(1) Close to the rod (sound travels better through a solid than air)
Igneous or sedimentary rock that has been changed into a new kind of rock as a result of great pressure and temperature.
Metamorphic Rock
The rapid-decay theory requires a global catastrophe in order to be consistent with data indicating that the magnetic field of the earth has reversed several times.
True (shows that the worldwide flood in Noah’s time is an essential part of earth’s history)
These are the two regions of the earth that the Lehmann discontinuity separates.
The inner core from the outer core
This theory involves rock masses moving relative to one another getting caught on the edges of the fault that lies between them. The masses bend and then break free when overstressed, causing the masses on each side of the fault to snap back into their original shapes. This results in vibrations we feel as an earthquake.
The elastic rebound theory
If you removed a sample of the plastic rock from the asthenosphere and put it into a laboratory, would it behave like a rock sample from the earth’s crust?
Yes (It would behave as any other rock once removed from the mantle. The heat and pressure that made it “plastic” are gone)
This is the name of a hypothetical supercontinent that existed in the earth’s past.
Pangaea
In plate tectonics, these large islands of the lithosphere float around on the plastic rock of the asthenosphere.
The “plates” in plate tectonics
Otherwise good scientists ignore the more scientifically valid rapid-decay theory because it requires a catastrophe like the worldwide flood and it indicates an earth 10,000 years old or younger.
True
Between the (1) inner core or (2) outer core, this one is solid because of pressure freezing.
Inner core (though it is hotter, the pressure is so great it forces iron atoms close enough together to be solid)
This is the main thing scientists observe to learn about the makeup of the earth’s interior.
Seismic waves (usually made by earthquakes, they tell us a lot about the properties of the mantle and core)
Rock in this part of the mantle below the lithosphere is unique because extremes in temperature and pressure make it behave like a liquid or a solid at different times.
Asthenosphere (that’s why its rock is called plastic rock)
The reason why sometimes good scientists ignore the plate tectonic theory despite the evidence.
Because it is typically linked to the idea of an earth that is billions of years old (It is unfortunate: the continents did not need to move slowly – they could’ve moved very quickly in the Flood.)
This theory of the earth’s magnetic field states that the electrical current in the core started as a consequence of how the earth formed and is decreasing over time.
The rapid-decay theory (the more scientifically-valid of the two main theories)
The rapid-decay theory of the earth’s magnetic field is more scientifically valid than the dynamo theory because it has been used to accurately predict the magnetic fields of other planets.
True (The dynamo theory fails miserably at this.)
Of the three main types of rock discussed in this section, which one would be more likely to be found deep in the crust?
Metamorphic rock (the deeper it is, the more weight and pressure it experiences, which is one high-pressure way metamorphic rock forms)
A seismologist detects an earthquake that measures 4 on the Richter scale, then another that measures 8. Each unit between the 4 and the 8 releases this much more energy.
A factor of 32 (every step up, the energy multiplies by 32, so the 8 reading has 32x32x32x32 [or 1,048,576] more energy than the 4 reading of the first earthquake!)
Explain the different ways igneous rock and sedimentary rock form.
Igneous rock forms when molten rock solidifies. Sedimentary rock forms when sediments are solidified through chemical reactions.
Name at least one thing that can happen when plates collide. If you name four of the four during Jeopardy in class, you get double points!!!
(1) one slides under another and forms a trench, (2) they move apart, allowing magma to rise and create new crust, (3) they push against each other, causing the crust to fold, and (4) they slide along each other