Roots of Indian Nationalism
The 1919 event in Amritsar that shocked India and radicalized nationalist opinion.
What is the Amritsar Massacre
The year Britain finally quit India and Pakistan was created.
What is 1947.
The international body that brokered a 1949 ceasefire line in Kashmir.
What is the United Nations (UN)
The company that first dominated India before the Crown took over.
What is the East India Company?
he two global conflicts in which millions of Indian soldiers served for the empire.
What are World War I and World War II
Gandhi’s signature method of non-violent resistance used in mass campaigns from 1920.
What is satyagraha (non-cooperation/civil disobedience)
The two provinces where partition violence and mass flight were most intense
What are Punjab and Bengal.
Pakistan’s share of financial assets agreed at partition (despite holding 23% of territory).
A key way colonial rule reshaped Indian administration and society.
What is making English the language of government/higher education.
One political effect of World War I on Indian nationalism.
What is heightened expectation of self-government, followed the Amritsar Massacre (1919) that radicalized opinion
One major way World War I and II each boosted nationalism (name one for either war).
What is Indian sacrifice/troop contributions without self rule promised; economic strain; or repression during/after the wars that fueled Congress mobilization
The last Viceroy who oversaw the transfer of power and partition plan.
Who is Lord Louis Mountbatten.
One reason Pakistan faced an administrative handicap compared with India in 1947–48.
What is India kept most of the existing colonial administrative infrastructure while Pakistan had to build government structures from scratch
One infrastructure/economic change the British used to tie India to global markets.
What is the shift to focus on cash crops.
The 1942 mass campaign during World War II demanding immediate independence.
What is the Quit India movement
The interwar constitutional “half-step” that expanded provincial self government and introduced a federal structure.
What is the Government of India Act of 1935
Give one concrete feature of the partition process that produced a humanitarian crisis.
What is new borders announced quickly; mixed populations split; collapse of order and communal killings.
A skills mismatch among refugees created this specific state-building problem for Pakistan.
What is a shortage of skilled/educated administrators and professionals to staff the new state (many such people fled the other way to India)
The 1905 decision in eastern India that sparked swadeshi boycotts and was later reversed.
What is the Partition of Bengal (1905) and the Swadeshi movement
Give one wartime economic/social effect that fueled nationalism (WWI or WWII).
What is inflation and heavy taxation, or wartime industrial expansion and urban labor unrest
Beyond Gandhi, name two structural drivers of nationalism before 1947.
What are economic exploitation under colonial rule; racial discrimination; religious tensions raised by policy; and the mobilizing effects of wars.
Of Hyderabad, Junagadh and Kashmir, explain why they were special cases.
What is: princely states with rulers’ religion differing from their populations (Hyderabad & Junagadh Muslim rulers over largely Hindu populations) and Kashmir with a Hindu ruler over a Muslim-majority, all triggering annexation/war/UN involvement.
What speakers of a certain language held violent protests after the idea of English replacing Hindi.
What is Tamil speakers
Name two colonial political devices that deepened communal politics before 1947.
What are separate electorates/reserved seats, and “divide-and-rule” tactics like religious categorization based representation.
Give two distinct consequences of World War II that sped up independence in 1945–47
What are Britain’s post-war exhaustion/weak finances, and the shifting international anti-imperial climate.