Pre VS Post Industrialization
Where did the Industrial Revolution take place?
Great Britain
James Watt invented what machine used to speed up industrialization?
The steam engine
Industrialization brought a new social hierarchy to life in cities/towns.
1. Which social class was at the bottom of hierarchy?
2. What did they do?
1. The working class
2. They worked in factories
What is a union?
A group/organization of workers with the goal of achieving better working conditions:
-reasonable hours,
-reasonable pay,
-reasonable working condition
At the time of Industrialization, Great Britain was a capitalist society.
List four characteristics of capitalism
1. Property and businesses are privately owned
2. Government has no say
3. Everyone makes their own money
4. No labour laws
1. Who/what were the main sources of production pre-industrialization? How did they produce them?
2. Who/what were the main sources of production industrialization? How did they produce them?
1. Farmers (farming) and artisans. Productions was slow, because products were made by hand.
2. Factories (factory workers). Productions was fast, because products were made by machines.
How/why did the steam engine speed up industrialization? Why was it a significant invention?
The steam engine could be used as a motor to run a variety of machines found in factories. Its power was stronger and steadier than water, wind, animal or human power.
Industrialization brought a new social hierarchy to life in cities/towns.
1. Which social class was at the top of hierarchy?
2. What did they do?
1. The industrial Bourgeoisie
2. They were entrepreneurs and factory owners.
Worker in Great Britain organized trade unions and went on strike.
What is a strike? / What is it purpose?
Workers refusing to work until their demands are heard/met.
The aim of a strike is achieve better working conditions.
Socialist political parties wanted to overthrow capitalist society and transfer power to the workers.
List four characteristics of socialism
1. Property and businesses are government owned
2. Government controls everything
3. Government distributes money equally
4. Government adopts labour laws (protect workers)
1. Where did most workers live PRE-Industrialization?
2. Where did most workers live POST-Industrialization?
1. Rural areas (farms or cottages in countryside)
2. Urban areas (factories were situated in cities)
Why were factories built near coal mines? Why was coal significant?
Coal was used to run motors (steam engines) and heat houses.
List five living conditions for workers (the working class), during industrialization
1. Cities/Houses were crowded and unsanitary
2. Diseases spread easily
3. No running water or sewers
4. Poor air quality (air pollution)
5. Poverty (rent was high, barely afford food, whole family had to work)
List four demands made by workers/unions
1. Children should not work (school)
2. Reasonable work hours
3. Fair wages
4. Safe/sanitary working environment
The industrial bourgeoisie were against the ideas put forth by socialists (socialism). They believed in capitalist ideas as well as the ideas put forth by economic liberalism.
What is economic liberalism?
1. Individual freedom: Entrepreneurs are free to run their businesses as they please
a) fire and hire whomever they please,
b) set workers' wages and work hours as they pleased
2. Minimal/no government intervention
(Against government passing any laws that benefited workers)
How did agricultural innovations actually help create a workforce for factories?
Agricultural innovations (machines) replaced many of the tasks done by farm hands. As a result, many farm hands were no longer needed, so they moved to the cities to find work in factories.
Why was steel production significant?
Steel was used to build railways, trains, steam engine parts and agricultural machinery.
List five working conditions for workers (the working class), during industrialization
1. 6 days a week, 12 months a year
2. 13-16hrs a day
3. poor air quality (no ventilation, air filled with smoke)
4. sick or injured = fired
5. minimal wages (whole family had to work)
The socialist party ended up persuading the British Government to pass laws (labour laws)
List six results of socialism (the labour laws)
1. Restricted work hours
2. Unions (right to unionize)
3. Free education (compulsory for all children)
4. Welfare + Unemployment insurance
5. Health care
6. Established a minimum wage
What does the term urbanization mean?
A large amount of people leaving rural areas (country) and moving to urban areas (cities)
What did George Stephenson invent? Why was the inventions important/significant?
The locomotive (train).
It could haul raw materials and manufactured goods much faster and for much cheaper than barges (boats). It could also haul heavier loads.
Trains could also be used to transport people (workers) to and from areas, and transport immigrants (new workers) into cities.
List six working conditions for for children (child labour)
1. Began to work at 5 years old +
2. Worked 13-16hrs a day
3. Dangerous (go under/behind machines)
4. Late = whipped / stopped working = beaten
5. Stand for over 6hrs
6. Cheapest labour (1/4 of what adults were paid)