Developments
Labor-saving technology meant less employment in this type of work, shifting the job market to other industries in the 1800s.
What is farming/agriculture?
This is used in surgery to prevent pain.
What is an anesthetic/anesthesia?
He invented the steam engine used in machinery and later locomotives and steamships.
Who was James Watt?
Working conditions in these two industrial settings were particularly harsh during the 1800s.
What are factories and mines?
This Dutch painter, who rose to fame with The Starry Night, cut off his own ear after an argument with a fellow artist.
Who was Vincent Van Gogh?
This is a term for movement of people to the cities.
What is urbanization?
Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla were both pioneers in harnessing this type of power.
What is electricity?
He authored the Communist Manifesto.
Who was Karl Marx?
Merchants, some professionals and skilled laborers were considered part of this growing segment of the population in the 1800s.
What is the middle class?
The Realism movement in the arts included this author of Oliver Twist, A Tale of Two Cities, A Christmas Carol, and Great Expectations.
Who was Charles Dickens?
This is a name for someone who starts a new business and takes on the risks for managing it.
What is an entrepreneur?
Orville and Wilbur Wright made bicycles for a living but became famous for this invention.
What is the airplane?
Adam Smith's free market ideal used this French-named type of economics.
What is laissez-faire?
Poorer people tended to live in small apartment buildings known as these.
What are tenements?
This artistic movement, emphasizing imagination, freedom and emotion, may have been a counter to the harsh realities of industrialization.
What is Romanticism?
This method of production relies on specialized workers performing particular tasks as part of a sequence of work stations.
What is assembly line?
This device, invented by Eli Whitney, quickly separated cotton seeds from raw cotton -- leading to a boost in cotton production.
What is the cotton gin?
People applied the term "survival of the fittest" to his theory of natural selection.
Who was Charles Darwin?
This is what labor unions use to negotiate better pay and working conditions.
What is collective bargaining?
Louis Daguerre and William Fox Talbot helped people capture moments with innovation in this field.
What is photography?
This is a term for the working class, the least likely to have access to financial freedom, and is abbreviated "the proles" in Orwell's 1984.
What is the proletariat?
Although best known for the prize that now bears his name, Alfred Nobel invented this, which caused him a mixture of pride and pain.
What is dynamite?
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony and Sojourner Truth each fought for this particular woman's right.
What is suffrage (the right to vote)?
The Sadler Report focused on exposing working conditions for these individuals and helped change regulations.
Who are children?
Music, news and variety programming eventually were broadcast on this innovation for which Guglielmo Marconi was credited.
What is radio?